Development of Human Locomotion Flashcards
What is reflex stepping?
Flexed posture, elicited stepping
What are the seven stages of upright posture development?
- Reflex stepping
- Static phase
- Transition
- Deliberate stepping
- Independent stepping
- Heel-toe progression
- Maturity of erect locomotion
What is static phase?
Can maintain supported upright posture
What is transition?
Can stand in position - no progression
What is deliberate stepping?
Attempts to step with hands held
When is maturity of erect locomotion developed?
Developed by age 3-4 years
What are the stages of locomotor development?
Early stepping, rolling, crawling, creeping, cruising, upright ambulation, running, jumping, hopping, galloping, and skipping
When does early stepping occur?
Reflexive at birth through one month
What is rolling?
Prone to supine or supine to prone - able to initiate due to the influence of righting reactions in infancy
What are the four phases of rolling?
- Newborn phase
- Spinal extension
- Automatic rolling
- Deliberation
What is the newborn phase of rolling?
Predominant flexion posture - rolling is spontaneous
What is the spinal extension of rolling?
Movement from side-lying to supine (1-2 months) and movements from side-lying to prone (4-5) months - rolling without segmentation
What is automatic rolling?
Occurs from 4-8 months - segmental rotation of the body - initiated by UE followed by LE and trunk
What is crawling?
Army crawling
What is creeping?
All fours, quadruped, belly off surface
What is cruising?
Movement using surfaces
When does upright ambulation (walking) occur?
9-15 months - matures by age 3.5
Describe upright ambulation.
Shorts steps minimal leg/hip extension, everted heels, no trunk rotation, and high guard
How does the LE develop?
Genu varum –> legs straight –> genu valgum –> legs straight
Describe gait during 9-15 months.
Wide BOS, hips flexed, ABD, and ER, knees flexed and in varus, high body fat, and short stride
Describe gait 18-24 months.
Limbs straight, decreased BOS, prolonged stance and increased cadence, and heel strike develops
Describe gait 3-3.5 years.
Valgus alignment, COM closer to extremities, and heel strike with knee flexion
Describe gait 6-7 years.
Fully mature gait pattern, COM level of L3, and tibiofemoral angle neutral
What are aging effects on gait?
Slower walking speed, decreased arm swing, reduced pelvic rotation, decreased hip and knee rotation, and increased stride width
What are the phases of stair climbing?
- Ascent - stance phase
- Swing phase
- Descent phase
What is the ascent phase?
Weight acceptance, pull-up, and forward continuance
What is the swing phase?
Foot clearance and foot placement
What is the descent phase?
Achieved through eccentric contraction of the same muscles - work to control the body with respect to the force of gravity
What are the types of stair climbing?
Marking time/step to, ascending vs descending, adult stair climbing - alternate foot pattern
What does running involve?
Flight time - two feet off the ground at the same time
What are types of jumping?
Step down from higher level, one-foot jump down, two-footed jump, and long jump
What is hopping?
Push off one foot and land on the same foot
What is the first asymmetric gait pattern in a child?
Galloping
When does galloping develop?
20 months after first step
What percentage of children can gallop at age 4?
43%
What is skipping?
Step hop step hop
What percentage of children can skip by age 4?
14%
