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Neuroscience - Test 3 > Development of Human Locomotion > Flashcards

Development of Human Locomotion Flashcards

0
Q

What is reflex stepping?

A

Flexed posture, elicited stepping

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1
Q

What are the seven stages of upright posture development?

A
  1. Reflex stepping
  2. Static phase
  3. Transition
  4. Deliberate stepping
  5. Independent stepping
  6. Heel-toe progression
  7. Maturity of erect locomotion
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2
Q

What is static phase?

A

Can maintain supported upright posture

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3
Q

What is transition?

A

Can stand in position - no progression

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4
Q

What is deliberate stepping?

A

Attempts to step with hands held

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5
Q

When is maturity of erect locomotion developed?

A

Developed by age 3-4 years

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6
Q

What are the stages of locomotor development?

A

Early stepping, rolling, crawling, creeping, cruising, upright ambulation, running, jumping, hopping, galloping, and skipping

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7
Q

When does early stepping occur?

A

Reflexive at birth through one month

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8
Q

What is rolling?

A

Prone to supine or supine to prone - able to initiate due to the influence of righting reactions in infancy

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9
Q

What are the four phases of rolling?

A
  1. Newborn phase
  2. Spinal extension
  3. Automatic rolling
  4. Deliberation
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10
Q

What is the newborn phase of rolling?

A

Predominant flexion posture - rolling is spontaneous

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11
Q

What is the spinal extension of rolling?

A

Movement from side-lying to supine (1-2 months) and movements from side-lying to prone (4-5) months - rolling without segmentation

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12
Q

What is automatic rolling?

A

Occurs from 4-8 months - segmental rotation of the body - initiated by UE followed by LE and trunk

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13
Q

What is crawling?

A

Army crawling

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14
Q

What is creeping?

A

All fours, quadruped, belly off surface

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15
Q

What is cruising?

A

Movement using surfaces

16
Q

When does upright ambulation (walking) occur?

A

9-15 months - matures by age 3.5

17
Q

Describe upright ambulation.

A

Shorts steps minimal leg/hip extension, everted heels, no trunk rotation, and high guard

18
Q

How does the LE develop?

A

Genu varum –> legs straight –> genu valgum –> legs straight

19
Q

Describe gait during 9-15 months.

A

Wide BOS, hips flexed, ABD, and ER, knees flexed and in varus, high body fat, and short stride

20
Q

Describe gait 18-24 months.

A

Limbs straight, decreased BOS, prolonged stance and increased cadence, and heel strike develops

21
Q

Describe gait 3-3.5 years.

A

Valgus alignment, COM closer to extremities, and heel strike with knee flexion

22
Q

Describe gait 6-7 years.

A

Fully mature gait pattern, COM level of L3, and tibiofemoral angle neutral

23
Q

What are aging effects on gait?

A

Slower walking speed, decreased arm swing, reduced pelvic rotation, decreased hip and knee rotation, and increased stride width

24
Q

What are the phases of stair climbing?

A
  1. Ascent - stance phase
  2. Swing phase
  3. Descent phase
25
Q

What is the ascent phase?

A

Weight acceptance, pull-up, and forward continuance

26
Q

What is the swing phase?

A

Foot clearance and foot placement

27
Q

What is the descent phase?

A

Achieved through eccentric contraction of the same muscles - work to control the body with respect to the force of gravity

28
Q

What are the types of stair climbing?

A

Marking time/step to, ascending vs descending, adult stair climbing - alternate foot pattern

29
Q

What does running involve?

A

Flight time - two feet off the ground at the same time

30
Q

What are types of jumping?

A

Step down from higher level, one-foot jump down, two-footed jump, and long jump

31
Q

What is hopping?

A

Push off one foot and land on the same foot

32
Q

What is the first asymmetric gait pattern in a child?

A

Galloping

33
Q

When does galloping develop?

A

20 months after first step

34
Q

What percentage of children can gallop at age 4?

A

43%

35
Q

What is skipping?

A

Step hop step hop

36
Q

What percentage of children can skip by age 4?

A

14%

Neuroscience - Test 3 (5 decks)

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