preguntas de estudio - Litiasis flash

Question 1

Name two severe complications that result from the presence of kidney stones.

Answer 1

Hydronephrosis and pyelonephritis

Question 2

What is the second most common type of kidney stone composed of?

Answer 2

Ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)

Question 3

What types of kidney stones appear radiopaque on x-rays?

Answer 3

Struvite (which can be radiopaque or radiolucent), calcium, and cystine stones (which appear faintly radiopaque)

Question 4

What types of kidney stones appear radiolucent on x-rays?

Answer 4

Struvite (which can be either radiolucent or radiopaque) and uric acid

Question 5

What is the term for a very large kidney stone? Which type of stone is most likely to present this way?

Answer 5

A hexagonal stone, which is most likely a cystine kidney stone

Question 6

Of what element are kidney stones most commonly composed?

Answer 6

Calcium in the form of calcium oxalate, calcium phosphate, or both

Question 7

What types of conditions lead to increased risk for development of calcium kidney stones?

Answer 7

Conditions that cause hypercalcemia, such as cancer, increased parathyroid hormone, increased vitamin D, and milk-alkali syndrome

Question 8

Both antifreeze and vitamin C abuse can result in the formation of what type of crystals?

Answer 8

Oxalate crystals

Question 9

Infection by what class of microbe causes the development of kidney stones composed of ammonium magnesium phosphate (struvite)?

Answer 9

Urease-positive bugs (Proteus vulgaris, Staphylococcus, Klebsiella) make urine alkaline and favor formation of struvite stones

Question 10

What type of kidney stone is strongly associated with hyperuricemia (gout)?

Answer 10

Uric acid kidney stones

Question 11

An 80-year-old man with leukemia presents with hematuria and right-sided flank pain. With his medical history, what type of kidney stone is he at greatest for developing and how would you expect it to appear on x-ray?

Answer 11

Due to his leukemia (a disease with high cell turnover) he is at risk for developing uric acid stones due to hyperuricemia, which are radiolucent and do not appear on x-ray

Question 12

What type of kidney stone develops most often as a consequence of the genetic disease cystinuria?

Answer 12

Cystine kidney stone

Question 13

Are cystine stones treated with alkalinization or acidification of the urine?

Answer 13

Alkalinization of urine