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Pregnancy Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Over the counter pregnancy tests rely on the detection of which hormone in the urine?

A

Human chorionic gonadotrophin

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2
Q

Which of these is a positive sign of pregnancy?

A

A- positive pregnancy test
B- fetal heart detected on ultrasound (correct answer)
C- amenorrhea
D- enlarged uterus

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3
Q

What is pseudocyesis?

A

Imagined pregnancy

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4
Q

Why is the embryonic period a high risk time for the development of major birth defects?

A

Basic structures of all major body organs are completed during this time

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5
Q

Development of the glandular ducts in the breasts is due to the influence of?

A

Oestrogen

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6
Q

Which hormone is not secreted by the anterior pituitary gland?

A

Oxytocin

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7
Q

The drop in haemoglobin levels typically found during pregnancy is due to?

A

An increase in both red blood cells and plasma with plasma increasing at a greater proportion.

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8
Q

Coagulation time in pregnancy does what?

A

Decrease

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9
Q

Cardiac output increases during pregnancy how much?

A

40%

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10
Q

Progesterone does what in pregnancy?

A

Relaxes smooth muscle

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11
Q

During pregnancy some women may notice chloasma on their?

A

Face- brown patches on the skin

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12
Q

Changes in skin colour during pregnancy is due to?

A

Increase melanin

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13
Q

Name 4 symptoms of pregnancy?

A

Sensitive breasts
Fatigue
Headache
Vomiting

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14
Q

Which is HCG initially produced?

A

Blastocyst

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15
Q

How early after conception can HCG be produced?

A

6-10 days

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16
Q

How long into pregnancy can HCG be detected?

A

60-70 days

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17
Q

Which hormone does HCG promote the production of?

A

Progesterone and oestrogen

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18
Q

Which physical sign of pregnancy is HCG related to?

A

Nausea and vomiting

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19
Q

Amenorrhea is a sign of pregnancy but what else may it signify?

A

Poly cystic ovaries
Hormones in balance
Premature menopause
Pseudocyesis

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20
Q

Which endocrine organs enlarge during pregnancy?

A

Thyroid and pituitary

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21
Q

Which hormones are produced by the pituitary gland?

A

Prolactin, cortisol, oxytocin, progesterone

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22
Q

Which endocrine gland is responsible for the ‘glow’ of pregnancy?

A

Melanocytes

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23
Q

What is the temporary endocrine gland developed during pregnancy?

A

The placenta

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24
Q

Which hormones causes symptoms such as low BP, heart BURN and increased UTI

A

Progesterone

25
Which hormone is responsible for increase in the sense of smell and thicker hair?
Oestrogen
26
Which hormone is responsible for discomfort in the lower back and pelvis?
Relaxin
27
Which hormone is responsible for constipation and why?
Relaxin because it relaxes smooth muscle
28
During pregnancy and woman’s gait changes, what physiologically happens to cause this?
Pelvis tits forward, decreased abdominal muscle tone and increased weight bearing
29
Which two hormones soften connective tissue?
Oestrogen and relaxin
30
The changes in the kidney associated with pregnancy cause what symptoms?
Bladder irritation, frequent ruination and urgency
31
The glomerular filtration rate increases by how much during pregnancy?
50%
32
What is the volume of bladder capacity at term?
1000mls
33
Glomerular filtration rate in pregnancy increases to manage what?
Increased metabolic demands Exrection of fetal waste Fetal requirements
34
How much of the diaphragm is misplaced during pregnancy?
4cm
35
Engorgment of the capillaries during pregnancy causes what changes to the respiratory tract?
Nasal and sinus stiffness Voice chance Mild respiratory infections
36
How much does blood volume increase during pregnancy?
30-50%
37
What is the increase in blood volume in pregnancy due to?
1000mls increase in plasma and 450mls increase in red blood cells
38
When does the increase in blood volume begin?
10/12 weeks gestation
39
Why is there increase in blood volume during pregnancy?
Fluid reserve for birth Maintenance of BP Hypertrophied vascular system of the uterus
40
What causes haemodilution in pregnancy?
Increase in plasma volume
41
What haemoglobin level indicates anaemia in pregnancy?
10g
42
What causes increased chance of blood clotting in pregnancy?
Increased clotting factors | Depressed fibrinolytic activity
43
What causes gums to become soft leading to easy bleeding?
Oestrogen and Increased vascularity
44
What effect does the increase in progesterone have on the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal system?
Slower emptying of the stomach Constipation Regurgitation
45
What are the main purposes of cardiac adaption during pregnancy?
Protects normal physiological functioning Meets the metabolic depends of pregnancy Provides for fetal growth and development
46
What changes in position does the heart make in pregnancy?
Pushed upwards | Rotates forward
47
What is the pulse increase in between 14-20 weeks gestation?
10-15bpm
48
By how much does cardiac output increase during pregnancy and why?
40% and because of increased stroke volume= volume of blood pumped from one ventricle of the heart with each beat
49
What effect does lying In a supine position have on cardiac output of a pregnant woman?
Compresses inferior vena cava leading to decreased venous return and leading to hypotension
50
What is the most favourable recumbent position for a pregnant woman?
Lateral
51
What is the cause of the diastolic BP reduction in the first and second trimester?
Hormonal vasodilation
52
What are 4 changes that occur in the uterus through pregnancy?
Uterine blood flow increase Uterus changes shape and size Inclined and rotates to R of the pelvic cavity Becomes abdominal organ at 12 weeks
53
What effects does oestrogen have on the breast tissues during pregnancy?
Develop lactiferous tubules, ducts and stores fats
54
What effects does progesterone have on the breast tissue during pregnancy?
Darken alveoli and enables secretory ability
55
What physical changes and sensations happen to the breast at 6 weeks, 8 weeks, 12 weeks and 16 weeks?
6 weeks- tingling and feeling full 8 weeks- increased vascularity 12 weeks- growth and pigmentation, darling of Areola 16 weeks- colostrum secretion
56
Which hormone increases blood supply to the cervix?
Oestrogen
57
Progesterone is responsible for the secretin of thick mucus- what does this form and why is it important?
Operculum- barrier to infection
58
What discharge is normal during pregnancy?
Thick, creamy, often runny

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