Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro Pt.2 > Pregnancy pathology > Flashcards

Pregnancy pathology Flashcards

1
Q

The most common location of ectopic pregnancy is _

A

The most common location of ectopic pregnancy is ampulla of the fallopian tube
* Abdomen and cervix are less common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name (6) risk factors of ectopic pregnancy

A
  1. Previous ectopic
  2. PID
  3. IUD
  4. IVF
  5. Increased maternal age
  6. Endometriosis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ectopic pregnancies usually present _ weeks after the last period

A

Ectopic pregnancies usually present 4-6 weeks after the last period

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

How does ectopic pregnancy present?

A
  • Normal sx of pregnancy (morning sickness, breast tenderness)
  • Vaginal bleeding
  • Abdominal pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Ruptured ectopic pregnancy may be suspected with _ signs

A

Ruptured ectopic pregnancy may be suspected with acute abdominal pain & signs of shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Ectopic pregnancy is associated with a (faster/slower) rise in beta-hCG

A

Ectopic pregnancy is associated with a slower rise in beta-hCG
* Should double every 48 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What imaging is indicated when ectopic pregnancy is suspected?

A

Ultrasound will show no evidence of intrauterine gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

_ is the medication of choice when ectopic pregnancy is caught early enough (before complications)

A

Methotrexate is the medication of choice when ectopic pregnancy is caught early enough (before complications)
* Contraindicated in breastfeeding mothers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

_ is a purified anti-Rh antibody that is given to moms with risk of Rh incompatability

A

RhoGAM is a purified anti-Rh antibody that is given to moms with risk of Rh incompatability
* This prevents mom from making her own anti-Rh antibodies
* Decreases risk for complications in future pregnancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Hypertension in a pregnant mother prior to 20 weeks is classified as _

A

Hypertension in a pregnant mother prior to 20 weeks is classified as chronic hypertension
* Hypertension persists post delivery
* Causes: obesity, diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Hypertension in a pregnant mother after 20 weeks is classified as _

A

Hypertension in a pregnant mother after 20 weeks is classified as gestational hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Moms with gestational diabetes normally return to normal BP around _

A

Moms with gestational diabetes normally return to normal BP around 6 weeks post delivery
* Risk increases with multiple pregnancies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gestational hypertension can be attributed to _

A

Gestational hypertension can be attributed to increased blood volume, increased circulatory load

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

(4) Anti-hypertensive drug options for pregnant mothers

A

Hypertensive Moms Love Nifedipine
* Hydralazine
* Labetalol
* Methyldopa
* Nifedipine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Preeclampsia can be defined as _ + _

A

Preeclampsia can be defined as gestational hypertension + proteinuria OR organ dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Eclampsia is defined as _ + _ + _

A

Eclampsia is defined as hypertension + proteinuria + seizures
* In other words it is preeclampsia + seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the etiology of preeclampsia/ eclampsia

A
  1. Abnormal placental spiral arteries
  2. Placental vasoconstriction
  3. Placental ischemia
  4. Release of chemokine mediators
  5. Increased systemic vascular tone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name some risk factors for preeclampsia

A

Preeclampsia risk factors:
* Anti-phospholipid syndrome
* Improper implantation
* Inflammatory changes
* Advanced maternal age
* Hypertension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Preeclampsia is managed with antihypertensives + _

A

Preeclampsia is managed with antihypertensives + magnesium sulfate
* Magnesium sulfate is a prophylactic measure to prevent seizures; neuroprotective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

(3) Maternal complications of preeclampsia

A
  1. Renal failure
  2. Intracerebral hemorrhage –> stroke
  3. ARDS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Fetal complications of preeclampsia include _ and _

A

Fetal complications of preeclampsia include uteroplacental insufficiency and placental abruption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

HELLP syndrome (3) components

A
  1. Hemolysis: destruction of RBCs
  2. Elevated liver enzymes: necrosis of hepatocytes
  3. Low platelets platelets destroyed
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What causes HELLP syndrome?

A

Liver thrombotic microangiopathy (microclots in the liver; vasospasm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Complications of HELLP include:

A
  • Liver capsule hematomas –> hypovolemia
  • Tissue factor exposure –> DIC
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What causes peripheral edema in pregnancy?

A

Maternal dilutional anemia –> low oncotic pressure –> increased fluid leak to interstitial space

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Gestational thrombocytopenia can be secondary to _

A

Gestational thrombocytopenia can be secondary to dilutional anemia
* Need to rule out ITP or HELLP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy are usually due to high levels of _

A

Nausea and vomiting in pregnancy are usually due to high levels of beta-hCG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

When nausea and vomiting during pregnancy becomes severe we call it _

A

When nausea and vomiting during pregnancy becomes severe we call it hyperemesis gravidarum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Pregnant women can have hyperthyroidism due to _

A

Pregnant women can have hyperthyroidism due to b-hCG having similar structure to TSH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Pregnancy can induce a state of insulin resistance due to the release of _

A

Pregnancy can induce a state of insulin resistance due to the release of human placental lactogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is supine hypotensive syndrome?

A

Compression of the IVC by the growing fetus –> Hypotension while supine
* Risk of possible pregnancy loss if growing fetus loses adequate blood supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

_ is a condition in which the placenta abnormally extends over the cervical os

A

Placenta previa is a condition in which the placenta abnormally extends over the cervical os
* Can be partial or complete

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Placenta previa is caused by _

A

Placenta previa is caused by improper implantation location

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Which factors increase the risk of placenta previa?

A

Anything that reduces the healthy surface area for implantation

  • C-section
  • Increased maternal age
  • Multiple gestations
  • Previous placenta previa
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

_ is a common cause of painless 3rd trimester vaginal bleeding

A

Placenta previa is a common cause of painless 3rd trimester vaginal bleeding
* It is often found on routine ultrasound

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Placenta previa (does/ does not) cause fetal distress

A

Placenta previa does not cause fetal distress

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Digital vaginal exam is contraindicated in placenta previa due to _ risk

A

Digital vaginal exam is contraindicated in placenta previa due to hemorrhage risk

38
Q

_ is when fetal vessels cover the cervical os

A

Vasa previa is when fetal vessels cover the cervical os

39
Q

Vasa previa is associated with _ umbilical cord

A

Vasa previa is associated with velamentous umbilical cord
* Vessels lie outside of the umbilical cord, not protected by the jelly

40
Q

Vasa previa becomes dangerous when _

A

Vasa previa becomes dangerous when water breaks –> baby no longer suspended –> cord compression

41
Q

Vasa previa triad:

A

Vasa previa triad:
1. Membrane rupture
2. Fetal bradycardia (cord compression)
3. Painless vaginal bleeding (vessel rupture)

42
Q

Placenta accreta is caused by _

A

Placenta accreta is caused by increased depth of invasion of chorionic villi

43
Q

Placental accreta spectrum invades past the _ and into the _

A

Placental accreta spectrum invades past the decidua and into the myometrium

44
Q

Placenta accreta is _ (degree of invasion)

A

Placenta accreta is attachment to uterine myometrium without penetration

45
Q

Placenta increta is _ (degree of invasion)

A

Placenta increta is penetration into the myometrium

46
Q

Placenta percreta is _ (degree of invasion)

A

Placenta percreta is penetration of uterine serosa and pelvic organs

47
Q

Risk factors for placenta accreta:

A

Risk factors for placenta accreta:
* Higher maternal age
* Multiple gestations
* Infertility procedures
* Uterine surgery
* C-section

48
Q

Placental abruption is when _

A

Placental abruption is when placenta detaches from the uterine wall

49
Q

Placental abruption is caused by _

A

Placental abruption is caused by blood vessel failure in decidua basalis (+/- trauma)

50
Q

Risk factors for placental abruption:

A

Risk factors for placental abruption:
* Smoking
* Cocaine
* Hypertension
* Uterine abnormalities (fibroids, bicornuate uterus)

51
Q

Conditions that cause (vasodilation/vasoconstriction) like smoking and cocaine can increase the risk of placental abruption

A

Conditions that cause vasoconstriction like smoking and cocaine can increase the risk of placental abruption

52
Q

Placental abruption will present with _ type bleeding

A

Placental abruption will present with continual painful bleeding
* Often presents as sudden pain and bleeding in the third trimester with contractions

53
Q

Risk factors of placental abruption:

A

Risk factors of placental abruption:
* DIC
* Fetal distress
* Retroplacental hematoma

54
Q

Name (4) T’s of postpartum hemorrhage (causes)

A
  1. Tone: atony
  2. Trauma: laceration
  3. Thrombin: clotting issue
  4. Tissue: retained products
55
Q

Postpartum hemorrhage presents with > _ mL blood loss following vaginal delivery or > _ mL blood loss following C-section

A

Postpartum hemorrhage presents with > 500 mL blood loss following vaginal delivery or > 1000 mL blood loss following C-section

56
Q

_ is the leading cause of maternal death (25% globally)

A

Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal death (25% globally)
* Uterine artery receives 15% of cardiac output (500-700 mL/min)

57
Q

The most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage is _

A

The most common cause of postpartum hemorrhage is uterine atony
* Others: trauma, retained placenta, coagulopathy

58
Q

How do we treat pp hemorrhage?

A
  • Fluid and blood replacement
  • Find/treat cause
  • Uterotonic agents
  • Uterine tamponade
  • Hysterectomy
59
Q

Spontaneous abortion is defined as _

A

Spontaneous abortion is defined as loss of pregnancy before 20 weeks gestation
* Risk factors: smoking, past history, increased maternal age

60
Q

Medical induction of abortion can include medication combo of _ + _

A

Medical induction of abortion can include medication combo of mifepristone + misoprostol

61
Q

D & C stands for _

A

D & C stands for dilation and curettage

62
Q

The mechanism of action of the drug used to treat ectopic pregnancy:

A

Methotrexate- folate antimetabolite

63
Q

Labor between _ weeks gestation is considered preterm labor

A

Labor between 20-37 weeks gestation is considered preterm labor

64
Q

Name some causes of pre-term labor

A

Name some causes of pre-term labor:
* Idiopathic
* Infection
* Hemorrhage

65
Q

Risk factors for pre-term birth:

A

Risk factors for pre-term birth:
* Prior pre-term deliveries
* Multiple gestations
* Uterine anamolies
* Short cervix
* Maternal co-morbidities
* Low BMI
* Tobacco, drug use

66
Q

To be “in labor” you must have _ + _

A

To be “in labor” you must have uterine contractions + cervical dilation

67
Q

_ are sometimes administered to pre-term infants to avoid neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

A

Corticosteroids are sometimes administered to pre-term infants to avoid neonatal respiratory distress syndrome

68
Q

Tocolytics are drugs that _

A

Tocolytics are drugs that stop or slow contractions

69
Q

Name (4) tocolytics used in pre-term labor

A

Name (4) tocolytics used in pre-term labor:
1. Magnesium sulfate
2. Nifedipine (calcium channel blocker)
3. Indomethacin (NSAID)
4. Terbutaline (B2 adrenergic receptor agonist)

“It’s not my time”

70
Q

When baby has low amniotic fluid we call this _

A

When baby has low amniotic fluid we call this oligohydramnios
* Can be detected on ultrasound

71
Q

Oligohydramnios is associated with problem of baby’s _

A

Oligohydramnios is associated with problem of baby’s kidneys
* Results in umbilical cord compression, fetal anomalies, fetal death

72
Q

Potter sequence is _

A

Potter sequence is..
* Bilateral renal agenesis or dysplastic kidneys
* Oligohydramnios
* Potter facies (low set ears, beaked nose, downward slant eyes)
* Limb deformities
* Pulmonary hypoplasia (NRDS)

73
Q

How do we manage placenta previa?

A

Delivery via C-section; do not check the cervix!!!

74
Q

Placental abruption is _

A

Placental abruption is partial/complete separation of placenta from the uterus

75
Q

Placental abruption will present with _ type bleeding

A

Placental abruption will present with painful bleeding + contractions

76
Q

Causes of placental abruption:

A

Causes of placental abruption:
* Trauma
* Maternal HTN
* Cocaine use

77
Q

How do we treat a mom with placental abruption?

A

Stabilize the patient + deliver baby

78
Q

(Placenta previa/ placental abruption) commonly involves abdominal discomfort

A

Placental abruption commonly involves abdominal discomfort

79
Q

(Placenta previa/ placental abruption) can be associated with coagulation defects

A

Placental abruption can be associated with coagulation defects

80
Q

Gestational diabetes is caused by _ and _

A

Gestational diabetes is caused by insulin resistance and inadequate maternal insulin secretion

81
Q

Gestational diabetes is associated with (oligohydramnios/polyhydramnios)

A

Gestational diabetes is associated with polyhydramnios

82
Q

Complications of polyhydramnios:

A

Complications of polyhydramnios:
* Fetal malposition
* Maternal respiratory compromise
* Placental abruption
* Preterm contractions/labor
* Premature rupture of membranes
* Uterine atony –> hemorrhage
* Umbilical cord prolapse

83
Q

The most common fetal complication of GDM is _

A

The most common fetal complication of GDM is macrosomia
* Can cause shoulder dystocia

84
Q

GDM can cause (hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia) in the infant at birth

A

GDM can cause hypoglycemia in the infant at birth
* Also hypocalcemia, IDA, polycythemia, hyperbilirubinemia

85
Q

Universal GDM screening is done between weeks _ of pregnancy

A

Universal GDM screening is done between 24-28 weeks of pregnancy

86
Q

Every pregnant woman has to undergo a _ test for GDM after 24 weeks gestsation

A

Every pregnant woman has to undergo a 1 hr oral glucose tolerance test for GDM after 24 weeks gestsation
* Drink 50g glucose solution
* Blood draw in 1 hr
* Over 130-140 mg/dL = insulin resistance

87
Q

Women who fail the 1 hr oral glucose tolerance test must come back for a _

A

Women who fail the 1 hr oral glucose tolerance test must come back for a 3 hr oral glucose tolerance test
* Drink 100g glucose solution
* Blood glucose at 1, 2, 3 hours
* Fasting > 126 or more than 2 elevated values

88
Q

The first treatment suggested for GDM is _

A

The first treatment suggested for GDM is lifestyle modification
* Med options: metformin, insulin, glipizide

89
Q

Hypertension in a pregnant woman is indiciated by BP > _

A

Hypertension in a pregnant woman is indiciated by BP > 140/90

90
Q

We start pharmacotherapy in pregnant women with BP > _

A

We start pharmacotherapy in pregnant women with BP > 160/110

91
Q

Preeclampsia treatment includes delivery at _ weeks

A

Preeclampsia treatment includes delivery at 37 weeks

92
Q

Complications of eclampsia include:

A

Complications of eclampsia include:
* Intracranial hemorrhage
* Temporary blindness
* Cardiopulmonary arrest
* Intrauterine fetal demise

Repro Pt.2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions