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Repro Pt.2 > Embryo > Flashcards

Embryo Flashcards

1
Q

Spermatogonia and oogonia (gametes) are derived from populations of _ cells

A

Spermatogonia and oogonia (gametes) are derived from populations of primordial germ cells

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2
Q

Primordial germ cells are produced during week _ of the embryo’s life

A

Primordial germ cells are produced during week 3 of the embryo’s life
* They initially migrate outside of the embryo into the yolk sac

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3
Q

During week 4, primordial germ cells return to the embryo and follow a path along the gut tube to the _ where the ovary/testis develops

A

During week 4, primordial germ cells return to the embryo and follow a path along the gut tube to the gonadal ridge where the ovary/testis develops

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4
Q

Primordial germ cells reach the gonadal ridge at about 6 weeks gestation and continue to proliferate via _

A

Primordial germ cells reach the gonadal ridge at about 6 weeks gestation and continue to proliferate via mitosis

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5
Q

Oogonia multiply by mitosis before beginning meiosis 1 and arresting in _

A

Oogonia multiply by mitosis before beginning meiosis 1 and arresting in prophase (2N, 4C)

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6
Q

(True/False) Oogonia continue to proliferate and differentiate into primary oocytes

A

False; by the 7th month of gestation nearly all of the eggs are in the primary oocyte stage and the fetus will stop producing oogonia
* Atresia is the process of cell death of remaining oocytes and some primary oocytes as we age until menopause

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7
Q

What is the sequence of oogenesis?

A

Primordial germ cell –> oogonia –> primary oocyte –> secondary oocyte –> mature oocyte

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8
Q

Oogenesis occurs during the (follicular/luteal) phase of the ovarian cycle

A

Oogenesis occurs during the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle –> culminates in ovulation

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9
Q

During the follicular phase, _ is secreted from the pituitary gland and stimulates _ cells surrounding the primary oocyte to enlarge, transform into cuboidal cells and begin secreting estrogens

A

During the follicular phase, FSH is secreted from the pituitary gland and stimulates granulosa cells surrounding the primary oocyte to enlarge, transform into cuboidal cells and begin secreting estrogens
* About 15-20 primordial follicles in each ovary will begin this but only 1-2 will ovulate

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10
Q

Once activated, primordial follicles transform into primary follicles with the development of _

A

Once activated, primordial follicles transform into primary follicles with the development of zona pellucida (glycoprotein layer)

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11
Q

Between the granulosa cells and the primary oocyte is the _ layer

A

Between the granulosa cells and the primary oocyte is the zona pellucida
* Glycoprotein layer that contains receptors and components needed for fertilization

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12
Q

_ cells eventually form the corona radiata

A

Granulosa cells eventually form the corona radiata

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13
Q

The granulosa cells of the _ will accompany the mature oocyte when it exits the follicle at ovulation

A

The granulosa cells of the corona radiata will accompany the mature oocyte when it exits the follicle at ovulation

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14
Q

When there is sufficient estrogen in circulation, a surge of _ is released from the pituitary and a _ is released from its meiotic inhibition

A

When there is sufficient estrogen in circulation, a surge of LH is released from the pituitary and a primary oocyte is released from its meiotic inhibition

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15
Q

This first meiotic division (at ovulation) produces _ + _

A

This first meiotic division (at ovulation) produces one large secondary oocyte + polar body

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16
Q

The secondary oocyte (formed with ovulation) will be arrested in _

A

The secondary oocyte (formed with ovulation) will be arrested in metaphase II

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17
Q

The secondary oocyte ruptures through the cells of the mature follicle and gets drawn into the _

A

The secondary oocyte ruptures through the cells of the mature follicle and gets drawn into the fallopian tube (leaving ovary)

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18
Q

Following ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the _

A

Following ovulation, the ruptured follicle transforms into the corpus luteum

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19
Q

Unlike the ovary with a finite number of oogonia, the testis maintains a stem cell population of mitotically active _ throughout life

A

Unlike the ovary with a finite number of oogonia, the testis maintains a stem cell population of mitotically active spermatogonia throughout life

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20
Q

Sequence of spermatogenesis

A

Spermatogonia –> primary spermatocyte –> secondary spermatocyte –> spermatid –> spermatozoa

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21
Q

Spermatogenesis begins at _

A

Spermatogenesis begins at puberty
* When spermatogonia start meiosis

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22
Q

Spermatogenesis takes place in the _ and requires supporting cells called _

A

Spermatogenesis takes place in the seminiferous tubules and requires supporting cells called sertoli cells

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23
Q

The haploid cells (male germ cells) that are produced after meiosis II are called _

A

The haploid cells (male germ cells) that are produced after meiosis II are called spermatids

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24
Q

The process of transforming spermatids into specialized spermatozoa is called _

A

The process of transforming spermatids into specialized spermatozoa is called spermiogenesis

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25
Q

Three important features in spermiogenesis that mature the spermatozoa:

A

Three important features in spermiogenesis that mature the spermatozoa:
1. Acrosome added to head of sperm (enzyme rich)
2. Flagellum powered by mitochondria
3. Pronucleus from condensation of haploid genome

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26
Q

After spermatozoa leave the seminiferous tubules, they enter the _ where they will fully mature

A

After spermatozoa leave the seminiferous tubules, they enter the epididymus where they will fully mature

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27
Q

During emission, sperm exit the epididymus, travel via the vas deferens to gain access to the urethra; on their way they join secretions from the _ and _

A

During emission, sperm exit the epididymus, travel via the vas deferens to gain access to the urethra; on their way they join secretions from the seminal vesicles and prostate gland

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28
Q

As the sperm passes through the uterine cavity they undergo _ in which the glycoproteins on the plasma membrane of the sperm head are removed and the acrosome is exposed

A

As the sperm passes through the uterine cavity they undergo capacitation in which the glycoproteins on the plasma membrane of the sperm head are removed and the acrosome is exposed

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29
Q

(3) steps of fertilization

A
  1. Sperm penetrate corona radiata
  2. Penetration of the zona pellucida; release of contents of the acrosome (acrosomal reaction)
  3. Fusion of the oocyte and sperm cell membranes
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30
Q

How does the egg respond to the fusion of sperm fushion?

A
  1. Cortical reaction: release of cortical granules and lysosomal enzymes that harden the zona pellucida and hydrolyze the sperm receptors; block polyspermy
  2. Resumption of meiosis II: second asymmetrical cell division occurs
  3. Egg activation: increase in metabolism in preparation
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31
Q

Fertilization is complete with the first mitotic division of the _

A

Fertilization is complete with the first mitotic division of the zygote

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32
Q

Fertilization is followed by a series of mitotic divisions inside the hardened _ ; this proliferation is called _ since cytoplasm does not growth and dividing cells get smaller and smaller; these cells are called _

A

Fertilization is followed by a series of mitotic divisions inside the hardened zona pellucida ; this proliferation is called cleavage since cytoplasm does not growth and dividing cells get smaller and smaller; these cells are called blastomeres

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33
Q

Compaction is the process of packaging the blastomeres into a tightly-packed ball and is mediated by _

A

Compaction is the process of packaging the blastomeres into a tightly-packed ball and is mediated by E-cadherin
* We get inner and outer cells

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34
Q

Once the embryo consists of 16 cells we call it the _

A

Once the embryo consists of 16 cells we call it the morula
* Will form the inner cell mass or embryoblast (future embryo proper)

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35
Q

The cells surroundig the morula cells will form the outer cell mass, or _

A

The cells surroundig the morula cells will form the outer cell mass, or trophoblast
* Trophoblast will contribute to the placenta

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36
Q

Prior to compaction, blastomeres are (totipotent/pluripotent)

A

Prior to compaction, blastomeres are totipotent
* Capable of developing into all tissues necessary for development (embryonic or placental)

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37
Q

Inner mass cells are (totipotent/pluripotent)

A

Inner mass cells are pluripotent

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38
Q

Trophoblast cells secrete fluid into the interior of the morula, sequestering the embryoblasts at one pole; the embryo is now called the _

A

Trophoblast cells secrete fluid into the interior of the morula, sequestering the embryoblasts at one pole; the embryo is now called the blastocyst

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39
Q

Once the embryo reaches the uterine cavity, a molecule on the blastocyst cell membrane lyses a small hole in the zona through which it hatches; this is called _

A

Once the embryo reaches the uterine cavity, a molecule on the blastocyst cell membrane lyses a small hole in the zona through which it hatches; this is called implantation

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40
Q

Once the embryo adheres to the uterine endometrium, the trophoblast differentiates into the _ (inner layer) and _ (outer layer)

A

Once the embryo adheres to the uterine endometrium, the trophoblast differentiates into the cytotrophoblast (inner layer) and syncytiotrophoblast (outer layer)

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41
Q

Syncytiotrophoblast provides the mechanism for _ and also begins to secrete _

A

Syncytiotrophoblast provides the mechanism for endometrial penetration and also begins to secrete beta-hCG
* Invasive tissue; making endometrial penetration possible
* hCG rescues the corpus luteum

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42
Q

Menstrual age of the fetus is usually _ than the fertilization age

A

Menstrual age of the fetus is usually two weeks greater than the fertilization age

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43
Q

Parturition is usually _ weeks menstrual age and _ weeks fertilization age

A

Parturition is usually 40 weeks menstrual age and 38 weeks fertilization age

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44
Q

During the second week of development, the embryoblast cells become organized into _

A

During the second week of development, the embryoblast cells become organized into bilaminar disc

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45
Q

(Hypoblast/Epiblast) is the thin sheet of cells of the bilaminar disc that is adjacent to the blastocyst cavity

A

Hypoblast is the thin sheet of cells of the bilaminar disc that is adjacent to the blastocyst cavity

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46
Q

(Hypoblast/Epiblast) is the thin sheet of cells of the bilaminar disc that is not in contact with the blastocyst cavity

A

Epiblast is the thin sheet of cells of the bilaminar disc that is not in contact with the blastocyst cavity

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47
Q

(Hypoblast/Epiblast) is the thin sheet of cells of the bilaminar disc that is ventral

A

Hypoblast is the thin sheet of cells of the bilaminar disc that is ventral

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48
Q

(Hypoblast/Epiblast) is the thin sheet of cells of the bilaminar disc that is dorsal

A

Epiblast is the thin sheet of cells of the bilaminar disc that is dorsal

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49
Q

Fluid begins to fill the cavity in the bilaminar disc, called the _

A

Fluid begins to fill the cavity in the bilaminar disc, called the amnion (amnionic cavity)

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50
Q

The internal, fluid-filled space defined by the hypoblast derived cells is the _

A

The internal, fluid-filled space defined by the hypoblast derived cells is the primary yolk sac

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51
Q

Cells of the hypoblast also give rise to an additional population of cells, the _

A

Cells of the hypoblast also give rise to an additional population of cells, the extraembryonic mesoderm
* These will surround primary yolk sac and amnionic cavity
* Eventually cavities get formed and become chorionic cavity

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52
Q

Once the chorionic cavity forms, we get degeneration of the primary yolk sac while the _ becomes the definitive yolk sac of the embryo

A

Once the chorionic cavity forms, we get degeneration of the primary yolk sac while the secondary yolk sac becomes the definitive yolk sac of the embryo

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53
Q

At the end of week 2 of development, the only attachment between the embryo and the cytotrophoblast is via the _

A

At the end of week 2 of development, the only attachment between the embryo and the cytotrophoblast is via the connecting stalk

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54
Q

The bilaminar embryonic disc is converted into the trilaminar embryo during week _

A

The bilaminar embryonic disc is converted into the trilaminar embryo during week 3

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55
Q

What are the three layers of the trilaminar embryo?

A
  1. Ectoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Endoderm
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56
Q

The central nervous system and the sensory organs are derived from _

A

The central nervous system and the sensory organs are derived from ectoderm

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57
Q

The epidermis of the skin and its appendages (nails, sweat glands, mammary glands, tooth enamel) is derived from _

A

The epidermis of the skin and its appendages (nails, sweat glands, mammary glands, tooth enamel) is derived from ectoderm

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58
Q

Neural crest cells are derived from _

A

Neural crest cells are derived from ectoderm

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59
Q

The neural crest cells give rise to _

A

The neural crest cells give rise to PNS, melanocytes, endocrine tissues, connective tissues in head and heart

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60
Q

Mesoderm gives rise to mainly _ and _

A

Mesoderm gives rise to mainly muscle and connective tissues (including blood)
* Therefore most organs come from mesoderm

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61
Q

_ layer derives the epithelial linings of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts

A

Endoderm layer derives the epithelial linings of respiratory, gastrointestinal, and urinary tracts

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62
Q

The epithelial portions of many glands and organs gets derived from _

A

The epithelial portions of many glands and organs gets derived from endoderm

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63
Q

Most of the body organs are formed from _ layer

A

Most of the body organs are formed from mesoderm

64
Q

Gastrulation begins with the formation of the _ in the epiblast which eventually becomes the caudal end of embryo

A

Gastrulation begins with the formation of the primitive streak in the epiblast which eventually becomes the caudal end of embryo

65
Q

The primitive streak of the epiblast eventually becomes the (caudal/cranial) end

A

The primitive streak of the epiblast eventually becomes the caudal end

66
Q

The primitive node is at the (caudal/cranial) end of the embryo

A

The primitive node is at the cranial end of the embryo

67
Q

In the three layered embryo, mesoderm is absent in only two locations _ and _

A

In the three layered embryo, mesoderm is absent in only two locations buccopharyngeal membrane and cloacal membrane

68
Q

The _ membrane of the trilaminar disc represents the future oral cavity

A

The buccopharyngeal membrane of the trilaminar disc represents the future oral cavity

69
Q

The _ membrane of the trilaminar disc represents the future GI/GU tracts

A

The cloacal membrane of the trilaminar disc represents the future GI/GU tracts

70
Q

The axial mesoderm –> _ + _

A

The axial mesoderm –> prechordal plate (forebrain) + notochord

71
Q

Paraxial mesoderm will give rise to tissue blocks termined _ which give rise to dermis layer, skeletal muscle, etc

A

Paraxial mesoderm will give rise to tissue blocks termined somites which give rise to dermis layer, skeletal muscle, etc
* These form the “body wall” (dermis, skeletal muscle, bone, cartilage)

72
Q

Dermis is derived from _
Epidermis is derived from _

A

Dermis is derived from mesoderm
Epidermis is derived from ectoderm

73
Q

Intermediate mesoderm gives rise to most of the tissues of the _ organs

A

Intermediate mesoderm gives rise to most of the tissues of the genitourinary organs

74
Q

The precardiac mesoderm which gives rise to the heart primoridum is derived from _ mesoderm

A

The precardiac mesoderm which gives rise to the heart primoridum is derived from splanchnic mesoderm (lateral plate)

75
Q

The differentiation of neural tissue from the ectoderm is dependent on induction signal received from the _

A

The differentiation of neural tissue from the ectoderm is dependent on induction signal received from the notochord

76
Q

The cells immediately adjacent to the notochord become columnar and form a distinctive neural plate which will become the _ and _

A

The cells immediately adjacent to the notochord become columnar and form a distinctive neural plate which will become the brain and spinal cord

77
Q

Soon after neural plate formation, the neural folds approach one another in the midline and fuse to form the _

A

Soon after neural plate formation, the neural folds approach one another in the midline and fuse to form the neural tube

78
Q

The fusion of the neural tube begins at somite _ in the cervical region and proceeds cranially and caudally

A

The fusion of the neural tube begins at fifth somite in the cervical region and proceeds cranially and caudally

79
Q

If failure of the neural tube closure occurs in the cranial region the the defect is called _

A

If failure of the neural tube closure occurs in the cranial region the the defect is called anencephaly (most of the brain fails to form)

80
Q

Neural crest cells are formed from _

A

Neural crest cells are formed from neurulation
* As the neural folds fuse, cells at their lateral borders lose adhesion and dissociate –> neural crest cells

81
Q

Neural crest cells give rise to _

A

Neural crest cells give rise to:
* Sensory neurons
* Autonomic neurons (SNS, PNS)
* Neurological cells of PNS
* Melanocytes
* Adrenal medulla cells
* Connective tissues and bone of face/skull

82
Q

Failure of the neural crest cells to migrate into the wall of the developing large intestine results in megacolon, called _

A

Failure of the neural crest cells to migrate into the wall of the developing large intestine results in megacolon, called Hirschsprung disease

83
Q

The _ layer of the embryo forms the ventral surface of the embryo and the roof of the yolk sac

A

The endoderm layer of the embryo forms the ventral surface of the embryo and the roof of the yolk sac

84
Q

The epithelial lining of the GI tract/ “gut tube” comes from _

A

The epithelial lining of the GI tract/ “gut tube” comes from endoderm

85
Q

Development of the head fold incorporates part of the yolk sac into the embryo as the foregut which will give rise to _

A

Development of the head fold incorporates part of the yolk sac into the embryo as the foregut which will give rise to upper GI; pharynx, esophagus, stomach, proximal duodenum

86
Q

Prior to caudal folding, the yolk sac extends a small diverticulum into the connecting stalk, called the _

A

Prior to caudal folding, the yolk sac extends a small diverticulum into the connecting stalk, called the allantois

87
Q

The vitelline duct, connecting stalk, and allantois form the bulk of the tissues in the _

A

The vitelline duct, connecting stalk, and allantois form the bulk of the tissues in the umbilical cord

88
Q

_ folding of the embryo incorporates the midgut into the abdominal cavity and closes the body wall

A

Lateral folding of the embryo incorporates the midgut into the abdominal cavity and closes the body wall
* Lateral folding also causes amniotic sac to wrap around embryo and enclose it in amniotic cavity

89
Q

An example of a ventral body wall defect is _ , a condition in which a portion of the gut tube fails to return to the abdominal cavity following its normal herniation into the umbilical cord

A

An example of a ventral body wall defect is omphalocele , a condition in which a portion of the gut tube fails to return to the abdominal cavity following its normal herniation into the umbilical cord

90
Q

The morula is the structure that forms _ days after fertilization

A

The morula is the structure that forms 4 days after fertilization

91
Q

Blastocyst implants in the uterus on day _

A

Blastocyst implants in the uterus on day 6

92
Q

What week does the primitive streak form?

A

What week does the primitive streak form? week 3

93
Q

The nucleus pulposus comes from the _ structure

A

The nucleus pulposus comes from the notochord

94
Q

The brain and spinal cord are derived from the _

A

The brain and spinal cord are derived from the neural plate

95
Q

Organogenesis occurs during _ weeks

A

Organogenesis occurs during week 3-8 (embryonic period)
* This is when teratogen exposure leads to embryonic malformations

96
Q

Fetal movement occurs at week _ of development

A

Fetal movement occurs at week 8 of development
* “Eight = gait”

97
Q

Fetal sex is recognizable at week _ of development

A

Fetal sex is recognizable at week 10 of development
* “Ten = Gen for gender”

98
Q

The ectoderm divides into two components the _ and _

A

The ectoderm divides into two components the surface ectoderm and neuroectoderm
* Ectoderm makes “beauty and brains”

99
Q

The epidermis is derived from _

A

The epidermis is derived from surface ectoderm
* Ectoderm makes “beauty and brains”

100
Q

The CNS and brain is derived from _

A

The CNS and brain is derived from neuroectoderm

101
Q

The adenohypophysis is derived from _

A

The adenohypophysis is derived from surface ectoderm

102
Q

Hair and nails are derived from _

A

Hair and nails are derived from surface ectoderm

103
Q

Salivary glands are derived from _

A

Salivary glands are derived from surface ectoderm

104
Q

Neural crest cells are a subset of _

A

Neural crest cells are a subset of ectoderm

105
Q

PNS neurons, arachnoid mater, and pia mater are derived from _

A

PNS neurons, arachnoid mater, and pia mater are derived from neural crest cells (ectoderm)

106
Q

The bones and connective tissue of the skull is derived from _

A

The bones and connective tissue of the skull is derived from neural crest cells (ectoderm)

107
Q

Melanocytes are derived from _

A

Melanocytes are derived from neural crest cells (ectoderm)

108
Q

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from _

A

Chromaffin cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from neural crest cells (ectoderm)

109
Q

Endocardial cushions and the aorticopulomary septum are derived from _

A

Endocardial cushions and the aorticopulomary septum are derived from neural crest cells (ectoderm)

110
Q

Name the subcategories of mesoderm:

A

Name the subcategories of mesoderm:
Axial mesoderm
Paraxial mesoderm
Intermediate mesoderm
Lateral plate mesoderm

111
Q

The notochord is derived from _

A

The notochord is derived from axial mesoderm
* Notochord –> nucleus pulposus

112
Q

Vertebrae and ribs are derived from the _

A

Vertebrae and ribs are derived from the paraxial mesoderm

113
Q

Skeletal muscles are derived from _

A

Skeletal muscles are derived from paraxial mesoderm

114
Q

Kidneys and gonads are derived from _

A

Kidneys and gonads are derived from intermediate mesoderm

115
Q

The lateral plate mesoderm later becomes:

A

The lateral plate mesoderm later becomes:
* Cardiovascular system
* Microglia
* Stem cells of hematopoietic origin
* Limbs

116
Q

The GI tract, respiratory tract, and urinary tract is derived from _

A

The GI tract, respiratory tract, and urinary tract is derived from endoderm

117
Q

Structures of the head and neck (eustachian tube, thymus, parathyroid gland, tonsils, pharynx) come from the _

A

Structures of the head and neck (eustachian tube, thymus, parathyroid gland, tonsils, pharynx) come from the endoderm

118
Q

(3) Components of the pharyngeal apparatus

A

(3) Components of the pharyngeal apparatus
1. Pharyngeal clefts/grooves
2. Pharyngeal pouches
3. Pharyngeal arches

119
Q

Pharyngeal clefts/grooves are derived from _

A

Pharyngeal clefts/grooves are derived from ectoderm

120
Q

Pharyngeal pouches are derived from _

A

Pharyngeal pouches are derived from endoderm

121
Q

Pharyngeal arches are derived from _

A

Pharyngeal arches are derived from mesoderm/neural crest cells

122
Q

The 1st pharyngeal cleft becomes the _

A

The 1st pharyngeal cleft becomes the external auditory meatus

123
Q

The 2nd-4th pharyngeal clefts become _

A

The 2nd-4th pharyngeal clefts become temporary cervical sinuses (obliterate normally)
* Persistance –> branchial cleft sinus (pharyngeal cleft cyst)

124
Q

The thyroid gland is derived from the _

A

The thyroid gland is derived from the thyroglossal duct
* Failure to obliterate leads to thyroglossal duct cyst (painless, mobile neck mass near hyoid)

125
Q

Mneumonic for pharyngeal arch derivatives:

A

Mneumonic for pharyngeal arch derivatives:
“Medical students party (hard) in Vagas”

126
Q

Derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal arch:

A

Derivatives of the 1st pharyngeal arch:
* Mandibular/maxillary process
* Muscles of mastication
* Anterior 2/3 of tongue
* Maleus, incus of ear

127
Q

The nerve associated with 1st pharyngeal arch:

A

The nerve associated with 1st pharyngeal arch:
Mandibular nerve (V3) which is a branch of trigeminal (V)

128
Q

Derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal arch:

A

Derivatives of the 2nd pharyngeal arch:
* Stapedius
* Stylohyoid process
* Stapes
* Facial muscles (“smile muscles”)
* Lesser horn of hyoid

129
Q

The nerve associated with 2nd pharyngeal arch:

A

The nerve associated with 2nd pharyngeal arch:
Facial nerve (CN VII)

130
Q

Derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal arch:

A

Derivatives of the 3rd pharyngeal arch:
* Stylopharyngeus muscle
* Greater horn of hyoid

131
Q

The nerve associated with 3rd pharyngeal arch:

A

The nerve associated with 3rd pharyngeal arch:
Glossopharyngeal (CN IX)

132
Q

Derivatives of the 4th pharyngeal arch:

A

Derivatives of the 4th pharyngeal arch:
* Pharyngeal constrictors

133
Q

The nerve associated with 4th pharyngeal arch:

A

The nerve associated with 4th pharyngeal arch:
Superior laryngeal nerve

134
Q

Derivatives of the 5th pharyngeal arch:

A

Derivatives of the 5th pharyngeal arch:
* There is no 5th pharyngeal pouch

135
Q

The nerve associated with 5th pharyngeal arch:

A

The nerve associated with 5th pharyngeal arch:
* There is no 5th pharyngeal pouch

136
Q

Derivatives of the 6th pharyngeal arch:

A

Derivatives of the 6th pharyngeal arch:
* Larynx muscles (except cricothyroid)

137
Q

The nerve associated with 6th pharyngeal arch:

A

The nerve associated with 6th pharyngeal arch:
Recurrent laryngeal nerve

138
Q

1st pharyngeal pouch derivatives:

A

1st pharyngeal pouch derivatives:
cells of the middle ear, mastoid air, estachian tube

139
Q

2nd pharyngeal pouch derivatives:

A

2nd pharyngeal pouch derivatives:
epithelium of palantine tonsils

140
Q

3rd pharyngeal pouch derivatives:

A

3rd pharyngeal pouch derivatives:
inferior parathyroid glands, thymus

141
Q

4th pharyngeal pouch derivatives:

A

4th pharyngeal pouch derivatives:
superior parathyroid, parafollicular cells of the thyroid

142
Q

The inferior parathyroid gland is derived from _

A

The inferior parathyroid gland is derived from dorsal wing of 3rd pharyngeal pouch

143
Q

The superior parathyroid gland is derived from _

A

The superior parathyroid gland is derived from dorsal wing of 4th pharyngeal pouch

144
Q

The thymus is derived from _

A

The thymus is derived from ventral wing of the 3rd pharyngeal pouch

145
Q

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid are derived from the _

A

The parafollicular cells of the thyroid are derived from the ventral wing of the 4th pharyngeal pouch

146
Q

The 1st aortic arch gives rise to the _

A

The 1st aortic arch gives rise to the maxillary artery

147
Q

The 2nd aortic arch gives rise to the _

A

The 2nd aortic arch gives rise to the stapedius artery

148
Q

The 3rd aortic arch gives rise to the _

A

The 3rd aortic arch gives rise to the common carotid/internal carotid

149
Q

The 4th aortic arch gives rise to the _

A

The 4th aortic arch gives rise to the aortic arch & right subclavian

150
Q

The 6th aortic arch gives rise to the _

A

The 6th aortic arch gives rise to the DA & pulmonary arteries

151
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the _

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the vagus nerve (X)

152
Q

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the _

A

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the right subclavian artery

153
Q

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the _

A

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops under the aortic arch at the ligamentum arteriosum
* The left recurrent laryngeal nerve can be damaged during any surgery related to the aortic arch

154
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies the _

A

The recurrent laryngeal nerve supplies the intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)

155
Q

The vitelline duct connects the _ to _ in the embryo

A

The vitelline duct connects the yolk sac to midgut (ileum) in the embryo

156
Q

Urination through the belly button is a problem of the _

A

Urination through the belly button is a problem of the urachus

Repro Pt.2 (6 decks)

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