Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Repro Pt.2 > Embryology > Flashcards

Embryology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main events during Weeks 1-2 of fetal development

A

Fertilization
Implantation in endometrium of uterus
Formation of two layers
Development of primitive streak

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the main events during Weeks 3-8 (Embryonic Period) of fetal development

A

Formation of three layers
Beginning of development of all organs and body parts (Organogenesis)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the main events during weeks 9-38 (Fetal Period) of fetal development

A

Growth and maturation of organs and body parts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

One cell divides and gives
rise to two genetically
identical daughter cells,
each with the same 46
chromosomes as the
mother cell

A

Mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

____ only occurs in the germ
cells and gametes are
formed through this
process, which results in
four genetically different
haploid cells ensuring
genetic diversity.

A

Meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Spermatogenesis Diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Oogenesis Diagram

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the most likely location of abnormal implantation?

A

Ampulla of the fallopian tube

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The egg is released from where before it enters the fallopian tube?

A

Ovarian Follicle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What propels the ova down the fallopian tube toward the uterus?

A

The movement of cilia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Process in which a sperm combines with an ovum to produce a zygote

A

Fertilization

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the glycoprotein later; defense against multiple sperm penetration

A

Zona Pellucida

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

biochemical change in outer layer of sperm that allows it to be successfully fertilized in the egg

A

Sperm Capacitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

After Fertilization, a _ develops on day 4, a _ on day 5, and the Blastocyst implants on day _

A

After Fertilization, a **Morula develops on day 4, a *Blastocyst on day 5, and the Blastocyst implants on day *6-10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The _ is the dorsal layer of the Bilaminar disc and forms the _

A

The Epiblast is the dorsal layer of the Bilaminar disc and forms the Entire Embryo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The _ is the ventral layer of the Bilaminar disc and forms the _

A

The Hypoblast is the ventral layer of the Bilaminar disc and forms the yolk sac lining

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

During which prenatal period would exposure to a
teratogenic drug, such as the antiepileptic
phenytoin, have the most profound effect on
development?

A

Weeks 3-8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

When does Gastrulation occur and what occurs?

A

Week 3
Bilaminar disc trnasforms into a tilaminar disc
Organogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the three layers in the Trilaminar disc?

A

Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the Surface Ectoderm Derivatives

A
  • Epidermis and epidermal appendages
  • Mammary Glands
  • Adenohypophysis
  • Parotid Gland
  • Olfactory Epithelium
  • Sensory organs of the inner ear
  • Lens of the eye
  • Anal canal below Pectinate Line
  • Ameloblasts and tooth enamel
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are some Neuroectoderm Derivatives?

A
  • Brain and Spinal Cord
  • Somatic Motor Nerves
  • Preganglionic Autonomic Nerves
  • Neuroglia
  • Neurohypophysis
  • Retina
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are some Neural Crest Derivatives?

A
  • Somatic Sensory Nerves
  • Somatic and Autonomic Ganglia
  • Postganglionic Autonomic Nerves
  • Schwan Cells and Satellite Cells
  • Pia Mater and Arachnoid Mater
  • Adrenal Medulla
  • Melanocytes of Skin
  • Some head and neck connective tissue, dermism and bones
  • Aorticopulmonary Septum
  • Odontoblasts and Dentin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

_ is composed of epiblast cells that migrate up and sandwiched between overlying ectoderm and underlying endoderm

A

Mesoderm is composed of epiblast cells that migrate up and sandwiched between overlying ectoderm and underlying endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

The _ forms muscle, blood cells, most connective tissue, dermis, cartilage, bone, and notochord

A

The mesoderm forms muscle, blood cells, most connective tissue, dermis, cartilage, bone, and notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Mesoderm defects can be remembered as
VACTERL

A

Vertebral defects
Anal atresia
Cardiac defects
Tracheo-Esophageal fistula
Renal defects
Limb defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A premature infant has trouble breathing. The
clinician has found that the lining of the infant’s
alveoli does not produce enough surfactant to
allow for normal breathing. Which of the following
structures is derived from the same germ layer as
the respiratory lining cells that produce surfactant?

A. Epithelial lining of the stomach
B. Melanocytes
C. Retina
D. Spinal cord
E. Sternum

A

A. Epithelial lining of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

_ is composed of epiblast cells that migrate and completely displace the hypoblast

A

Endoderm is composed of epiblast cells that migrate and completely displace the hypoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What linings, glands, and structures are formed by the endoderm?

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What occurs during the Embryonic Period?

A

Organs and body parts continue to develop; Near complettion of the exterior body and early stages of all organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Folding occurs during week 4, what does that look like?

A

The cranial end folds ventrally, the caudal end folds ventrally, and the lateral sides fold ventrally -> 3D trunk -> Limb buds

Gastrointestinal, respiratory, genitourinary, and cardiovascular system start to develop; heart starts to beat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What occurs during the Fetal Period

A

Organs and body parts continue to develop -> Near completion of theexterior body and early stages of all organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are four iimportant genes of Embryogenesis

A
  • Sonic Hedghog (SHH)
  • Wnt-7
  • Fibroblast Growth Factor
  • Homeobox (Hox)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Sonic Hedgehog gene location and function

A

Location: Zone of polarizing activity at base of limb buds
Function: Anterior-posterior axis patterning, CNS development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Wnt-7 Gene location and Function

A

Location: Apical ectodermal ridge at the distal end of end limb
Function: Dosral-ventral axis patterning limb development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Fibroblast growth factor gene location and function

A

Location: Apical ectodermal ridge
Function: Limb lengthening (via mitosis of mesoderm)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Homeobox gene location and function

A

Location: Multiple places
Function: Segmental organization in cranial-caudal direction, transcription factor coding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What do Transcription factors do in embryogenesis

A

Regulate which genes are activated or repressed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What does intracellular communcation do during embryogenesis

A

Interaction of a cell with a neighbor cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What do diffuse signals do during embryogenesis

A
  • Help direct migration of cells
  • Determine differentiation of a cell at a specific location
40
Q

What do cell receptors do during embryogenesis

A

Groth factors bind to these and regulate mitosis, apoptosis, migration, etc.

41
Q

The failure of what pharyngeal structure to develop
results in T-cell deficiency?

A

Pharyngeal pouch 3

42
Q

What is the Pharyngeal Apparatus

A

Embryonic structures that give rise to the lower 2/3rds of the face, ears, neck, and some lymphoid and endocrine structures

43
Q

What does the pharyngeal apparatus consist of?

A
  • Five pharyngeal arches
  • Four pharyngeal clefts
  • Four pharyngeal pouches
  • Four pharyngeal membranes
44
Q

When do the pharyngeal arches begin to develop?

A

Week 4

45
Q

What are the components that make up the pharyngeal arches?

A
  • Neural Crest
  • Mesoderm
  • Cranial Nerves
  • Artery
46
Q

1st pharyngeal arch nerve, skeletal elements, and muscles

A

Nerve: CN V

Skeletal Elements:
* Maxilla
* Zygomatic
* Squamous portion of temporal bone
* Mandible
* Meckel cartilage:
* Malleus
* Incus
* Anterior ligament of malleus
* Sphenomandibular ligament

Muscles:
* Muscles of mastication
* (temporalis, masseter, lateral and medial pterygoids)
* Mylohyoid
* Anterior belly of digastric
* Tensor tympani
* Tensor veli palatini

47
Q

2nd pharyngeal arch nerve, skeletal elements, and muscles

A

Nerve: CN VII

Skeletal Elements:
* Reichert cartilage:
* Stapes
* Styloid process
* Stylohyoid ligament
* Lesser horn and upper body of hyoid

Muscles:
* Muscles of facial expression (buccinator, auricularis, frontalis, platysma, orbicularis oris, orbicularis oculi, etc)
* Stapedius
* Stylohyoid
* Posterior belly of digastric

48
Q

3rd pharyngeal arch nerve, skeletal elements, and muscles

A

Nerve: CN IX

Skeletal Elements: Greater horn and lower body of hyoid

Muscle: Stylopharyngeus

49
Q

4th pharyngeal arch nerve, skeletal elements, and muscles

A

Nerve: CN X (superior laryngeal nerve)

Skeletal Elements:
* Thyroid cartilage
* Cricoid
* Corniculate
* Cuneiform
* Arytenoids

Muscles:
* Pharyngeal constrictors
* Cricothyroid
* Levator veli palatine

50
Q

6th pharyngeal arch nerve, skeletal elements, and muscles

A

Nerve: CN X (recurrent laryngeal nerve)

Skeletal Elements:
* Thyroid cartilage
* Cricoid
* Corniculate
* Cuneiform
* Arytenoids

Muscles: All intrinsic muscles of larynx (except cricothyroid)

51
Q

Ear Derivation from Pharyngeal Arches

A
52
Q

A mobile circumscribed mass is felt at the angle of
the mandible of an 8-year-old girl. The mass is
less than 1 cm and nontender. All laboratory
workups are normal, and the patient does not
have any other symptoms. The mass is most likely
to be which of the following?
A. Branchial (pharyngeal) cleft cyst
B. Thymus
C. Thyroglossal duct
D. Thyroglossal duct cyst
E. Thyroid gland

A

A. Branchial (pharyngeal) cleft cyst

53
Q

What are the pharyngeal clefts?

A

Four, ectoderm-covered exterior recesses between neighboring arches

54
Q

Where is the 1st pharyngeal cleft?

A

External auditory meatus

55
Q

Where are the 2-4th pharyngeal clefts?

A

Temporary cervical sinuses

56
Q

What are Pharyngeal pouches?

A

Four, endoderm-lined invaginations of the pharyna between neighboring arches

57
Q

The _ pharyngeal puch derivative are the middle ear (tympanic) cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

A

The 1st pharyngeal puch derivative are the middle ear (tympanic) cavity, eustachian tube, mastoid air cells

58
Q

The _ pharyngeal pouch derivative is palantine tonsils

A

The 2nd pharyngeal pouch derivative is palantine tonsils

59
Q

The _ pharyngeal pouch derivatives are inferior parathyroids and Thymus

A

The 3rd pharyngeal pouch derivatives are inferior parathyroids and Thymus

60
Q

The _ pharyngeal pouch derivatives are superior parathyroids and ultimobranchial body –> parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid

A

The 4th pharyngeal pouch derivatives are superior parathyroids and ultimobranchial body –> parafollicular (C) cells of thyroid

61
Q

What are the pharyngeal membranes?

A

Sites in the clefts and pouches where the cleft ectoderm and pouch endoderm meet

62
Q

Which pharyngeal membrane develops?

A

1st; Develops tympanic membrane

63
Q

What happens to the remaining three pharyngeal membranes?

A

2-4 pharyngeal membranes are obliterated when the second arch overgrows thr more caudal pharyngeal clefts

64
Q

What is a thyroid duct cyst?

A

A thyroglossal duct cyst is a common congenita anomaly that arises when the thyroglossal duct does not completely atrophy. It is an anterior, midline, painless, mobile neck
mass, often near the hyoid bone, and it elevates with
tongue protrusion

65
Q

Which Aortic arch is responsible for the formation of the ductus arteriosus?

A

sixth

66
Q

On the left or right side of the aorta is there a branchiocephalic trunk

A

Right

67
Q

The _ loops around the right subclavian artery

A

The right recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the right subclavian artery

68
Q

The _ loops around the aortic arch distal to ductus arteriosus

A

The left recurrent laryngeal nerve loops around the aortic arch distal to ductus arteriosus

69
Q

Aortic Arch _ branches
Right: Maxillary Artery
Left: Maxillary Artery

A

Aortic Arch 1 branches
Right: Maxillary Artery
Left: Maxillary Artery

70
Q

Aortic Arch _ branches
Right: Stapedial Artery
Left: Stapedial Artery

A

Aortic Arch 2 branches
Right: Stapedial Artery
Left: Stapedial Artery

71
Q

Aortic Arch _ branches
Right: Common Carotid Artery and first part of the internal carotid artery
Left: Common Carotid Artery and first part of the internal carotid artery

A

Aortic Arch 3 branches
Right: Common Carotid Artery and first part of the internal carotid artery
Left: Common Carotid Artery and first part of the internal carotid artery

72
Q

Aortic Arch _ branches
Right: Proximal part of the right subclavian artery
Left: Aortic Arch

A

Aortic Arch 4 branches
Right: Proximal part of the right subclavian artery
Left: Aortic Arch

73
Q

Aortic Arch _ branches
Right: Does not form
Left: Does not form

A

Aortic Arch 5 branches
Right: Does not form
Left: Does not form

74
Q

Aortic Arch _ branches
Right: Proximal right pulmonary artery
Left: Proximal left pulmonary arty and ductus arteriosus (connection between aorta and pulmonary trunk)

A

Aortic Arch **6 **branches
Right: Proximal right pulmonary artery
Left: Proximal left pulmonary arty and ductus arteriosus (connection between aorta and pulmonary trunk)

75
Q

A surgeon fails to identify surrounding
structures while operating to correct a
coarctation of the aortic arch in a 10-year-old
child. Which of the following can be
damaged during this procedure?
A. Cricothyroid muscle
B. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve
C. Left vagus nerve
D. Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
E. Right vagus nerve

A

B. Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

76
Q

_ nerves travel superiorly, on either side of the trachea, to supply the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, exept the cricothyroid muscle

A

Left and Right Recurrent laryngeal nerves travel superiorly, on either side of the trachea, to supply the intrinsic muscles of the larynx, exept the cricothyroid muscle

77
Q

A 1-year-old boy is brought to the emergency
department, and a condition that requires
abdominal surgery is diagnosed. During surgery, an
abdominal cyst connected to both the ileum and
umbilicus by fibrous bands is found incidentally.
Which of the following is the embryonic origin of
this abnormality?
A. Allantois
B. Cloaca
C. Urachus
D. Vitelline duct
E. Yolk sac

A

D. Vitelline duct

78
Q

What is the Vitelline duct (yolk sac , omphalomesenteric duct, omphalocentric duct)

A

connects the tolk sac to the midgut (ileum) in the embryo

79
Q

The vitelline duct is _ -lined

A

The vitelline duct is Endoderm-lined

80
Q

Vitelline Duct Anomalies

A
81
Q

Rules of 2s in Meckel Diverticulum

A

2 times more likely in males
2 inches long
2 feet from the ileocecal valve
2% of the population
2 years old (presents)
2 types of ectopic epithelia (gastric and pancreatic)

82
Q

The Urcahus develops from the narrow, sausage-shaped _

A

The Urcahus develops from the narrow, sausage-shaped allantosis

83
Q

After birth, the urachus becomes the _

A

After birth, the urachus becomes the median umbilical ligament

84
Q

Urachus Anomalies

A
85
Q

The _ develop in the posterior (retroperitoneal) lumbar abdominal wall from the intermediate mesoderm

A

The reproductive systems develop in the posterior (retroperitoneal) lumbar abdominal wall from the intermediate mesoderm

86
Q

_ early period of development when the female and
male reproductive structures (primordia) are the same

A

Indifferent stage: early period of development when the female and

87
Q

Which statement accurately describes the
paramesonephric ducts?
A. They are retained in the female fetus by
antimullerian hormone.
B. They are the source of cells that form the
lower vagina.
C. They give rise to the internal and external
female reproductive structures.
D. They give rise to the uterus, uterine tubes, and
upper vagina.
E. They secrete estrogen.

A

D. They give rise to the uterus, uterine tubes, and
upper vagina.

88
Q

_ is the precursor to the repoductive duct in the male

A

Mesonephric Duct (aka Wolffian duct) is the precursor to the repoductive duct in the male

89
Q

_ is the precursor to the repoductive duct in the female

A

Paramesonephric Duct (aka Mullerian duct) is the precursor to the repoductive duct in the female

90
Q

_ gene (on the Y chromosome) produces testis determining factor (TDF) aka SRY protein –> testes development

A

SRY gene (on the Y chromosome) produces testis determining factor (TDF) aka SRY protein –> testes development

91
Q

_ secrete Mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF, aka antimullerian hormone) –> suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts

A

Sertoli cells secrete Mullerian inhibitory factor (MIF, aka antimullerian hormone) –> suppresses development of paramesonephric ducts

92
Q

_ secrete androgens –> stimulate development of mesonephric ducts

A

**Leydig cells **secrete androgens –> stimulate development of mesonephric ducts

93
Q

Which weeks does embryo secually indifferent stage take place

A

Weeks 5-6

94
Q

_ form due to the absence
of SRY gene and SRY protein

A

Ovaries form due to the absence
of SRY gene and SRY protein

95
Q

**Paramesonephric (Mullerian) **ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, upper vagina

A

**Paramesonephric (Mullerian) **ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, upper vagina

96
Q

Male and Female Development Diagram

A
97
Q

Male and Female Reproductive Homologs Diagram

A

Repro Pt.2 (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions