Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

KPH- Week 1 > Pregnancy Overview > Flashcards

Pregnancy Overview Flashcards

1
Q

what is a full term pregnancy?

A

40 weeks of gestation
actually 38 weeks since fertilisation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

when does the blastocyst implant into the endometrium?

A

around day 5-7

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

which cells help invade into the endometrium?

A

trophoblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

which hormones increase with pregnancy?

A

human chorionic gonadotrophin
oestrogen and progesterone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is the function of hCG?

A

maintains integrity of corpus luteum (mimics LH) to promote continued progesterone and oestrogen secretion and prevent menstruation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

where is hCG produced?

A

syncytiotrophoblast following implantation of the blastocyst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

when do the levels of hCG decline?

A

once the placenta is established

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

when is the fetal period?

A

from 9 weeks to birth
represents rapid growth and physical maturation of organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the process of lung maturation?

A

-are not involved with gas exchange
-filled with fluid
-breathing movements are made which is expulsion of fluid into the amniotic sac via the trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

where is pulmonary surfactant secreted from?

A

type II pneumocystis from 24 weeks of gestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the function of pulmonary surfactant?

A

it facilitates lung expansion at birth and reduces surface tension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what can be administered to stimulate lung maturation for preterm infants?

A

<34 weeks
glucocorticoids
synthetic surfactant can also be administered after birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the process of renal system maturation?

A

new nephrons formed until 36 weeks of gestation
-kidneys produce dilute urine but otherwise minimal function (placental fulfils role)
-fetus swallows 7ml- amniotic fluid per hour and produces 300mm/kg of urine per day
-oligohydraminos (too little amniotic fluid) associated with poor renal function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the process of digestive tract maturation?

A

-not fully functional in foetus due to placenta but maturation of enzymes for digestion and absorption occurs
-Crypts and villi develop during weeks 8-24 of gestation then elongate with gestational age

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is meconium?

A

-greenish mixture of shed interstitial cells, langur mucous and amniotic fluid
-babys first poo
-can get meconium in amniotic fluid due to detail distress - risk of aspiration by the foetus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the process of fetal circulation maturation?

A

-haemopoeisis in the fella liver becomes dominant during the 2nd trimester
-most erythrocytes contain fetal Hb which has greater affinity for oxygen that adult Hb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus?

A

During fetal life, the ductus arteriosus connects the pulmonary artery to the aortic arch but closes minutes after birth

17
Q

what is the foreman ovale?

A

The foramen ovale is a hole between the left and right atrium and takes several months to close after birth
These allowing most of the blood to bypass the fetal lungs where it is not needed (placenta fulfils gaseous transport)

18
Q

when do the endocrine glands start producing hormones?

A

second trimester
contributes to fetal development and labour

19
Q

what is the endocrine function during pregnancy?

A

Before birth, fetus has a very large adrenal cortexAdrenal gland produces steroid precursor for oestrogen biosynthesis by the placenta
fetal posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin from second trimester and levels rise during labour

20
Q

what hormone is secreted during labour which initiates contractions?

A

oxytocin

21
Q

where is oxytocin secreted from?

A

fetal posterior pituitary gland

22
Q

what are some maternal adaptations to pregnancy?

A

-resp volume and total volume increases
-maternal blood volume increases by 50%
-nutrient requirement increases
-glomerular filtration rate increases by 50%

23
Q

why does maternal blood volume increase?

A

Placenta removes blood from systemic circulation, erythropoietin/renin production induced to increase blood volume

24
Q

why does glomerular filtration rate increase?

A

Due to increased blood volume
Accelerates excretion of fetal metabolic waste

25
Q

where is oestrogen produced during pregnancy?

A

fetal adrenal gland and placenta

26
Q

what is the function of oestrogen during pregnancy?

A

At end of third trimester oestrogen helps with stimulating labour/birth.
Human fetus and placenta cooperate to produce oestrogens – fetal adrenal gland secretes androgens > converted to oestrogens by placenta

27
Q

what is the function of progesterone in pregnancy?

A

Essential for the continuation of pregnancy
Also has a role in breast development

28
Q

what is the function of hCG in pregnancy?

A

Functionally resembles LH = maintains integrity of corpus luteum, promoting continued secretion of progesterone

29
Q

what are the functions of placental hormones in pregnancy?

A

Maintaining the pregnancy
Fetal growth
Breast maturation

30
Q

what is the function of Human placental lactogen (hPL) or human chorionic somatomammotropin?

A

Polypeptide hormone. Promotes growth and differentiation of mammary gland tissue for lactation
Stimulatory function on maternal tissues (like growth hormone (GH)) – ensures glucose and protein available to fetus

31
Q

what is the function of relaxin?

A

Peptide hormone. Increases pubic symphysis flexibility and cervix dilation
Suppresses release of oxytocin by hypothalamus and delays onset of labour contractions

32
Q

what is the function of placental growth hormone?

A

Suppresses/replaces maternal GH
Enhances nutrient availability to fetus by stimulating lipolysis and gluconeogenesis (glucose production)

33
Q

how do hormones stimulate breast maturation?

A

Oestrogen promotes growth and branching of the ductal system
Progesterone promotes development of lobules and alveolar cells to proliferate, enlarge and become secretory
But no secretion = requires pituitary hormones postnatally

34
Q

what is parturition?

A

childbirth
occurs through a series of strong rhythmic uterine contractions

35
Q

what is the maternal and fetal endocrine coordination during childbirth?

A

Progesterone levels reduce towards term
Fetal pituitary secretes oxytocin which enters the maternal blood stream via placenta
Maternal pituitary also secretes oxytocin
Prostaglandin production by fetal membranes on top of oestrogen and maternal oxytocin

36
Q

what happens during the dilation stage of parturition?

A

-cervical ripening (softening) and dilation
-frequency of myometrial contractions increases steadily
-amniochorionic membrane ruptures and water breaks
-by the end of stage 1 cervix is fully dilated to 10cm
-longest phase, hours to days

36
Q

what is the positive feedback that occurs during labour?

A

Contractions begin at superior portion of uterus towards cervix and increase in force and frequency
Stretching of cervix further stimulates oxytocin release

37
Q

what happens during stage 2, expulsion stage?

A

-Contractions strong and frequent
-Mother feels urge to push baby out
-May need episiotomy cut in perineum to prevent perineal tear
-Minutes to 3 hours
-Neonatal health assessed by Apgar score

38
Q

what is an Apgar score?

A

evaluates a baby condition at birth and response to resus:
gives a clinical score depending on;
-appearance (colour)
-pulse
-grimace (reflex irritability)
-activity (muscle tone)
-resp effort

39
Q

what is considered a normal Apgar score?

A

7-10

40
Q

what happens during stage 3 (placental stage)?

A

Active or physiological management (see NICE guidelines: Delivering the placenta)
Active management = oxytocin injection and removal by midwife. Lower risk of haemorrhage.
Physiological management = delivery up to 1 hour postpartum via contractions.

KPH- Week 1 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions