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KPH- Week 1 > Extra Embryonic Membranes > Flashcards

Extra Embryonic Membranes Flashcards

1
Q

what 2 parts does the somites differentiate into?

A

ventral part - sclerotome (gives rise to ribs and vertebrae)
dorsal- dermomyotome (gives rise to dermis and skeletal muscle)

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2
Q

what does the intermediate mesoderm give rise to?

A

embryonic kidney and the urogenital tract

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3
Q

what is the junction between the embryonic tissue and extra embryonic tissue?

A

umbilical vein

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4
Q

what does the somatic lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

the body wall of the embryo, this will help close the body wall and so the lateral body wall folds have happened, separates the embryo from the extra embryonic fluid (happens at the end of week 4)

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5
Q

what is the role of the umbilical vein?

A

returns oxygenated blood from the placenta

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6
Q

what membranes have continuity with the yolk sac?

A

endoderm and splanchnic mesoderm

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7
Q

what is the function of the yolk sac in gut development?

A

gut will poke into yolk sac to give it space to grow

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7
Q

what are the 4 extra-embryonic membranes?

A

-amnion
-chorion
-yolk sac
-allantois

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8
Q

generally how much amniotic fluid surrounds the foetus?

A

1.5L

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9
Q

what are the contributions of the yolk sac?

A

small nutritional involvement of the provisions of vitamins A, B and E
main function is the production of blood
plays an important role in the production of GI tract

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10
Q

where does extra embryonic haematopoesis occur?

A

yolk sac from week 4 to 6 until the feel liver develops and that will take over production of blood cells

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11
Q

when does the yolk sac disappear completely?

A

between 18 and 20 weeks

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12
Q

where is the chorion?

A

outside the amnion

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13
Q

what is the chorion?

A

the fetal part of the placenta, combines with the maternal side
layer of trophoblasts which have implanted into the uterine wall plus a layer of extra embryonic mesoderm
forms a complete covering around the embryo and the amnion

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14
Q

where is the allantois?

A

lies below the chorion

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15
Q

what is the allantois?

A

the extra embryonic kidney
placenta actually gets rid of waste in human so it becomes redundant but it does have some vasculature

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16
Q

where does the decidua come from?

A

come from the endometrium of the uterus

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17
Q

what effect does progesterone have on endometrium?

A

causes stroll cells to become enlarged and accumulate glycogen

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18
Q

what happens when a pregnancy occurs?

A

progesterone levels rise which causes the stroll cells and endometrium to enlarge and accumulate glycogen

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19
Q

what is the decidual reaction?

A

endometrial vessels start to become dilated around the implantation site
esentially the uterus becoming receptive to the pregnancy

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19
Q

what are the 2 components to the placenta?

A

chorionic frondosum (fetal)
decidua basalis (maternal)

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20
Q

what are the 3 sections of the decidua?

A

decidua basalis
decidua capsularis
decidua parietalis

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21
Q

what is the decidua basalis?

A

the area that interacts with the fetal membranes

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22
Q

what is the decidua capsularis

A

the area of the decidua that grows around the embryo that’s bulging into the uterine lumen

23
Q

which 2 membranes of the placenta fuse at around 20 weeks?

A

capsularis and pareitalis

24
Q

what structures emerge from the chorion?

A

chorionic villi

25
Q

what is the area that becomes the placenta essentially?

A

chorion frondosum

26
Q

which cells do the burying in to the endometrium?

A

trophoblast cells

27
Q

what is the layer of trophoblasts closest to the embryo called?

A

cytrophoblast

28
Q

what is the outer layer of the trophoblasts?

A

syncytiotrophoblast cells

29
Q

which layer of the trophoblasts is driving the invasion?

A

syncytiotrophoblast cells

30
Q

what happens around day 12 after fertilisation?

A

syncytiotrophoblasts are becoming very invasive and invading into the uterine mucosa, we start to see small spaces called lacunae

31
Q

where do the growing blood vessels form?

A

the fill the lacunae with causes the mixing of material and metal circulation which is how we establish a good blood supply so nutrients and waste can be passed

32
Q

when do the primary villi appear from the cytotrophoblast?

A

day 13
stal

33
Q

when does the mesoderm invade and start to branch and invade the core of the primary villi?

A

day 16

34
Q

when are they called secondary villi?

A

when they have a mesenchymal core

34
Q

what are tertiary villi?

A

when the blood vessels develop in the mesenchyme of the secondary villi
these blood vessels connect to the umbilical vessels of the embryo

35
Q

what is the placental barrier?

A

-partition between the maternal and fetal circulation in the placental membrane or placental barrier
-usually 4 layers thick
the barrier reduces to 3 layers from the 4th month

36
Q

what are the 4 layers of the placental barrier?

A

-fetal capillary endothelium
-connective tissue of the villi
-cytotrophoblast
-syncytiotrophoblast

37
Q

which layer of the placental barrier is lost at around moth 4?

A

cytrophoblast cells

38
Q

what are the functions of the placenta?

A

-metabolism (synthesised glycogen, fatty acids, cholesterol)
-produces energy for the embryo
-transfer of O2 and CO2 (diffusion)
-transfers urea, uric acid and bilirubin (diffusion)
-transfers electrolytes and carbs (diffusion)

39
Q

how are amino acids transferred across placenta?

A

by a carrier mechanism against their conc gradient (facilitated diffusion)

40
Q

what vitamins can cross the placenta readily?

A

B, C and D

41
Q

how much water is transferred in Laye pregnancy?

A

3.5L per hour

42
Q

how do antibodies cross the placenta?

A

pinocytosis

43
Q

what are the darker stained area around the villi?

A

cut-trophoblasts and syncytiotrophoblasts

44
Q

what do syncytiotrophoblasts look like on histology?

A

darker stained, many nuclei fused together and no clear boundaries

45
Q

what do the cytotrophoblast cells look like?

A

larger nucleus
quite basophilic cytoplasm

46
Q

what differences can be seen later in placenta histologically?

A

villi diameter have massively decreased
much more villi
much larger vessels appearing
reduction in cytotrophoblast layer
smaller diameter to reach blood supply much easier

47
Q

where is the zone pellucid on the blastocyst?

A

the outside edge

48
Q

what tissue does the notochord induce to start the process of neural tube development?

A

ectoderm

49
Q

in which area of the uterine tube does fertilisation normally take place?

A

ampulla

50
Q

all of the essential features of the organ systems are laid down by the end of week X?

A

8

51
Q

What system has the longest critical period of development, and therefore is most susceptible to a wide range of teratogenic insults?

A

CNS

52
Q

Which molecule is responsible for inactivating BMP4 during neural tube development?

A

noggin

53
Q

Which extra embryonic membrane consists of extra embryonic ectoderm and extra embryonic mesoderm?

A

amnion

54
Q

what does the antibiotic tetracycline cause defects in babies?

A

teeth

55
Q

After fertilisation, the embryo travels down the uterine tube and undergoes division. At around day 4, it will reach a stage called a morula. What process occurs when an embryo reaches the morula stage?

A

compaction

KPH- Week 1 (7 decks)

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