Congenital anomalies?

Question 1

what is atresia?

Answer 1

absence or abnormal narrowing of an opening or passage

Question 2

what is agenesis?

Answer 2

failure of all or part of an organ to develop

Question 3

what is dysplasia?

Answer 3

abnormal development

Question 4

what is syndromes meaning?

Answer 4

a set of symptoms or conditions that occur together

Question 5

what does associations refer to?

Answer 5

a state in which 2 or more attributes occur together more or less often than expected by chance

Question 6

what is the process of nephrogenesis?

Answer 6

It is an early process and its complicated
Transient excretion at 4-5 weeks
Urine production from 10 weeks
Progressive production to around term

Nephrogenesis continues until 36 weeks
At this point you have all the nephrons you will ever have.
There is considerable variability in number but the median is 5-9 x105

Question 7

how do kidneys ascent?

Answer 7

At the end of the 7th week the ureter inserts into the bladder

The mesonephros has disappeared

By the end of the 8th week the kidneys find themselves at the upper lumbar level in their definitive position

Question 8

what happens during week 6-10 after gestation?

Answer 8

Fusion of the ureteric bud and the metanephric blastema intiates nephrogenesis by process of reciprocal induction (Stephens hypothesis)

Ureteric bud gives rise to everything from the collecting ducts down and the metanephros gives rise to everything from the collecting ducts up

Question 9

what happens during week 5 after gestation?

Answer 9

Mesonephric ducts
Migrate caudally
Fuse with the hind gut to form the cloaca
Distally ureteric buds develop
Ureteric buds
Grow cranially towards and into the Metanephric mass

Question 10

what happens during week 4 of kidney development?

Answer 10

Pronephros
Paired blocks of indeterminate mesenchyme
Rapidly regresses in human
Mesonephric mass
Transient excretory role
Will become the definitive gonad
Lateral to the mass forms the mesonephric ducts