Pregnancy Energy + Macros Flashcards
Why is there an increase in BEE during pregnancy?
- energy for fetus and uterus
- work of lungs and heart
What composes the fat free mass (FFM) in women during pregnancy?
- blood volume
- muscle mass
- fetus and uterine tissues
How TEE of pregnant women is calculated?
TEE of nonpregnant + 8kcal/week (median change in TEE) + 180 kcal/day (energy deposition)
1st trimester => TEE + 0 + 0
2nd trimester => TEE + 340
3rd trimester => TEE + 452
Additional protein requirement is based on what?
- support of growth
- maintenance of additional stores
Which trimester requires higher additional proteins?
3rd
What food groups pregnant women can eat to decrease the risks of LBW?
dairy, meat and fish
When women should start increasing their pro intake prior to conception?
5-7 months
What are the glucose adaptation of pregnancy?
- decreased maternal fasting blood glucose
- increasing insulin resistance
- increase risks of ketosis (more during 1st trimester) => teratogenic
What is the amount of glucose transfer from the mother to the fetus each day?
17-26 g => mean = 23 g = 70% of fetus brain requirement
What should be the mother’s glucose intake during pregnancy?
usual intake (100g) + fetus utilization (35 g) = 135g/day
What are the guidelines for fiber intake during pregnancy?
none
no evidence of additional benefits
What are some physiological adaptations to micronutrients during pregnancy?
increase efficiency in intestinal absorption of Ca, P, B12
What is the Ca requirement for pregnant women?
there is no need for increase Ca intake during pregnancy
No use of the mother’s skeleton for fetus Ca
Why is there a decrease in serum Mg during pregnancy?
hemodilution
Why is there an increase in Mg requirement during pregnancy?
weight gain
Why is there an increase in Fe requirement during pregnancy?
- increase Hb mass
- deposit to fetus
What are the consequences of very low Fe during pregnancy?
low blood to placenta = higher workload on heart = risks of maternal death
What are the risks associated with anemia during pregnancy?
[Hb] w/ LBW, prematurity and fetal death => U shape
low Hb => decrease O2 supply to fetus
high => associated w/ hypovolumia = maternal HTN and preeclampsia
TRUE OR FALSE
Iron supplementation is not necessary during pregnancy.
False
pre-pregnancy Fe stores unknown
high incidence of anemia among pregnant and non-pregnant women
On what is based the requirement for Fe during pregnancy?
needs for 3rd trimester to build stores
Why there was a change in K AI?
- decrease bc no proof that a higher intake decreases risk of chronic diseases
- AI was not reached by 99% of the population
Why the AI in K for pregnant women is higher than non-pregnant women?
higher food intake
What is the guideline regarding Na intake for pregnant women?
-additional Na needed over 9 months is so minimal
-since no evidence that lower Na prevent pregnancy-induced HTN
= same as non-pregnant women
How does thiamin requirement change during pregnancy?
increase by 30% => increase in growth and in energy utilization (small)
