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Nutr through life > Adolescence > Flashcards

Adolescence Flashcards

1
Q

On what is based the nutrient needs during adolescence?

A

height => kcal/cm

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2
Q

when does menarche occur?

A

12-13 yo

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3
Q

____ have a prepubertal period earlier than ____

A

girls, boys

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4
Q

____ have a longer growth period than ____

A

boys, girls

=> more prolonged, more intense + occurs later

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5
Q

During the growth spurt there is 2x more incorporation of minerals into bones. What are they?

A

Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe

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6
Q

What factors affect nutrient needs?

A
  • growth spurt intensity
  • gender
  • timing of growth spurt
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7
Q

What are SMR?

A

Tanner’s Sexual Maturation Ratings

guide based on primary and secondary sexual characteristics

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8
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Maturation timing is the same for all.

A

False

differs but same sequence

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9
Q

What are the SMR stages and their characteristics?

A

SMR 1 = rapid growth but no sexual changes
SMR 2 = bone mass + skeletal growth in females
SMR 3 + 4 = bone mass + skeletal growth in males, LBM peak for females, peak growth spurt for females around breast stage 3
SMR 5 = LBM peak for males

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10
Q

When does occur the peak weight accumulation for females and males?

A 
females = 6-9 mo prior to growth spurt
males = same time as growth spurt
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11
Q

What hormones play a role in growth spurt?

A
  • adrenal androgens
  • growth hormone
  • estrogen
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12
Q

what are the roles of testosterone in boys?

A

increase LBM and muscle growth + fat loss

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13
Q

What can be the consequences of delayed puberty for girls?

A

lower bone mass density late as an adult

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14
Q

What hormones are responsible for bone mineral deposition?

A

androgens and estrogens

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15
Q

What characterizes max height velocity?

A

max fat loss and increase muscle mass in arms

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16
Q

When does menarche occur in females?

A

1 year after breast dev => at the decrease of growth

17
Q

Do boys continue to grow after sexual maturation?

A

yes

18
Q

on what depends the timing of maturation?

A

environmental factors

19
Q

What are the % of bone mass and stature acquired by the age of 10?

A

50% BM and 80% stature

20
Q

TRUE/FALSE

The majority of female teens meet Ca needs.

A

False only 15%

21
Q

LBM in males ___ and in females, it ___ .

A

increases (80 to 90%)

decreases (80 to 75%)

22
Q

what are external factors influencing food behavior?

A
  • nutrition knowledge
  • family unit
  • peers
  • parenting
  • mass media
  • fast foods
  • food fads
  • personal experiences (drugs and alcohol)
23
Q

what are internal factors influencing food behavior?

A
  • physiological needs
  • self-concept
  • body image
  • personal values + beliefs
  • food preferences
  • psychological dev
  • health
24
Q

what influence internal and external factors affecting food behavior?

A

social-economic political system + food availability production and distribution system

25
Q

Genes account for __% whereas environmental factors account for __% for obesity outcome.

A

20%, 80%

26
Q

Why does obesity can lead to avoidance of social contact?

A

decreased self-worth and discrimination

27
Q

What can cause a calorie restriction during growth spurt?

A

linear growth restriction = nutritional dwarfism

28
Q

How does anorexia nervosa is diagnosed?

A 
wt is 15-20% below normal
no known psychiatric or medical illness
disturbed self-image
anxious + fearful personality
achievement-oriented families 
fear of gaining weight
loss of menses for more than 3 cycles
29
Q

What are the characteristics of anorexia nervosa according to DSM-5?

A
  1. energy restriction
  2. fear of wt gain
  3. influence of body wt and shape on self-evaluation
30
Q

What are the two types of anorexia nervosa?

A

restricting type + binging/purging type

31
Q

What can be the health risks associated with anorexia nervosa (10)?

A
  1. organ system failure
  2. electrolyte imbalances
    - > decreased BP = confusion
    - > low K + dehydration = kidney dysfunction
    - > cardiovascular risk
  3. GI symptoms
  4. Wernicke’s encephalopathy => brain damage due to thiamin deficiency
  5. muscle wasting = decreased BMR
  6. defective thermoregulation (low-fat mass)
  7. amenorrhea (low estrogen)
  8. starvation like symptoms
  9. growth cessation (atrophy of GI tract)
  10. bone loss = osteoporosis
32
Q

How can recovery be first achieved in severe cases of anorexia nervosa?

A

gradual infusion of kcal (nasogastric or TPN)

33
Q

Why does the risk of osteoporosis increase for ppl with anorexia nervosa?

A
  • adolescence = still period of growth
  • hormonal changes = increased cortisol and decreased IGF-1 + leptin, estrogen
  • loss of pro + minerals = decreased bone mass + strenght
34
Q

TRUE or FALSE

Exercise should be completely avoided for ppl diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.

A

TRUE

exercise puts more stress on bones = decreases bone mass = osteoporosis

35
Q

How does bulimia can be diagnosed?

A

binging for more than a week followed by purging for 3 months
usually normal weight

36
Q

What is bulimarexia?

A

no purging periods

overexercising or fasting

37
Q

What are the health risks associated with bulimia? (8)

A
  • tooth erosion = acid from vomiting
  • dental caries
  • irritation and infection of the esophagus (vomiting)
  • electrolytes imbalances
  • XS bicarbonate => hypokalemia => muscle twitching + weakness
  • SOB from XS bicarbonate
  • abnormal heart rhythms
  • kidney injury
38
Q

What is the treatment for eating disorders?

A

multi-disciplinary approach

  1. treat depression, drug + alcohol abuse
  2. anti-depressants
  3. diet counseling
  4. no exercise
  5. replace beliefs regarding wt + food
  6. promote breakfast to decrease binging
  7. work with teens to encourage independence

Nutr through life (7 decks)

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