Adolescence Flashcards
On what is based the nutrient needs during adolescence?
height => kcal/cm
when does menarche occur?
12-13 yo
____ have a prepubertal period earlier than ____
girls, boys
____ have a longer growth period than ____
boys, girls
=> more prolonged, more intense + occurs later
During the growth spurt there is 2x more incorporation of minerals into bones. What are they?
Ca, Mg, Zn and Fe
What factors affect nutrient needs?
- growth spurt intensity
- gender
- timing of growth spurt
What are SMR?
Tanner’s Sexual Maturation Ratings
guide based on primary and secondary sexual characteristics
TRUE or FALSE
Maturation timing is the same for all.
False
differs but same sequence
What are the SMR stages and their characteristics?
SMR 1 = rapid growth but no sexual changes
SMR 2 = bone mass + skeletal growth in females
SMR 3 + 4 = bone mass + skeletal growth in males, LBM peak for females, peak growth spurt for females around breast stage 3
SMR 5 = LBM peak for males
When does occur the peak weight accumulation for females and males?
females = 6-9 mo prior to growth spurt males = same time as growth spurt
What hormones play a role in growth spurt?
- adrenal androgens
- growth hormone
- estrogen
what are the roles of testosterone in boys?
increase LBM and muscle growth + fat loss
What can be the consequences of delayed puberty for girls?
lower bone mass density late as an adult
What hormones are responsible for bone mineral deposition?
androgens and estrogens
What characterizes max height velocity?
max fat loss and increase muscle mass in arms
When does menarche occur in females?
1 year after breast dev => at the decrease of growth
Do boys continue to grow after sexual maturation?
yes
on what depends the timing of maturation?
environmental factors
What are the % of bone mass and stature acquired by the age of 10?
50% BM and 80% stature
TRUE/FALSE
The majority of female teens meet Ca needs.
False only 15%
LBM in males ___ and in females, it ___ .
increases (80 to 90%)
decreases (80 to 75%)
what are external factors influencing food behavior?
- nutrition knowledge
- family unit
- peers
- parenting
- mass media
- fast foods
- food fads
- personal experiences (drugs and alcohol)
what are internal factors influencing food behavior?
- physiological needs
- self-concept
- body image
- personal values + beliefs
- food preferences
- psychological dev
- health
what influence internal and external factors affecting food behavior?
social-economic political system + food availability production and distribution system
Genes account for __% whereas environmental factors account for __% for obesity outcome.
20%, 80%
Why does obesity can lead to avoidance of social contact?
decreased self-worth and discrimination
What can cause a calorie restriction during growth spurt?
linear growth restriction = nutritional dwarfism
How does anorexia nervosa is diagnosed?
wt is 15-20% below normal no known psychiatric or medical illness disturbed self-image anxious + fearful personality achievement-oriented families fear of gaining weight loss of menses for more than 3 cycles
What are the characteristics of anorexia nervosa according to DSM-5?
- energy restriction
- fear of wt gain
- influence of body wt and shape on self-evaluation
What are the two types of anorexia nervosa?
restricting type + binging/purging type
What can be the health risks associated with anorexia nervosa (10)?
- organ system failure
- electrolyte imbalances
- > decreased BP = confusion
- > low K + dehydration = kidney dysfunction
- > cardiovascular risk - GI symptoms
- Wernicke’s encephalopathy => brain damage due to thiamin deficiency
- muscle wasting = decreased BMR
- defective thermoregulation (low-fat mass)
- amenorrhea (low estrogen)
- starvation like symptoms
- growth cessation (atrophy of GI tract)
- bone loss = osteoporosis
How can recovery be first achieved in severe cases of anorexia nervosa?
gradual infusion of kcal (nasogastric or TPN)
Why does the risk of osteoporosis increase for ppl with anorexia nervosa?
- adolescence = still period of growth
- hormonal changes = increased cortisol and decreased IGF-1 + leptin, estrogen
- loss of pro + minerals = decreased bone mass + strenght
TRUE or FALSE
Exercise should be completely avoided for ppl diagnosed with anorexia nervosa.
TRUE
exercise puts more stress on bones = decreases bone mass = osteoporosis
How does bulimia can be diagnosed?
binging for more than a week followed by purging for 3 months
usually normal weight
What is bulimarexia?
no purging periods
overexercising or fasting
What are the health risks associated with bulimia? (8)
- tooth erosion = acid from vomiting
- dental caries
- irritation and infection of the esophagus (vomiting)
- electrolytes imbalances
- XS bicarbonate => hypokalemia => muscle twitching + weakness
- SOB from XS bicarbonate
- abnormal heart rhythms
- kidney injury
What is the treatment for eating disorders?
multi-disciplinary approach
- treat depression, drug + alcohol abuse
- anti-depressants
- diet counseling
- no exercise
- replace beliefs regarding wt + food
- promote breakfast to decrease binging
- work with teens to encourage independence
