DRIs + FAT, CHO, Fiber

Question 1

What are RDAs used for?

Answer 1

reference point when evaluating a diet to an individual ONLY

Question 2

What is RDA not designed for?

Answer 2

• overcome nutrient deficiencies

- recover from illness

Question 3

What are the ranges of macronutrients?

Answer 3

Proteins : 10-35%
Fat : 20-35%
Carbs : 45-65%

Question 4

How is the glucose requirement was established?

Answer 4

glucose needed for the brain without utilizing fat or proteins

Question 5

What are the organs responsible for 50% of the protein turnover?

Answer 5

liver + intestine

Question 6

TRUE OR FALSE

Fruits + Veg fibers have a significant negative correlation with CVD compared with cereal fibers.

Answer 6

FALSE
weak/non-existant correlation for fruits + veg
strong for cereal

Question 7

What are the 4 benefits of fibers?

Answer 7

1. ameliorate constipation & diverticular disease
2. fuel for colonic cells
3. decreased blood glu and FAs
4. nutrient rich low energy foods = satiety and decreased risk of obesity

Question 8

How the recommendation for fibers was set?

Answer 8

based on the relationship with risk of CHD

Question 9

TRUE OR FALSE

Thirst determines our fluid intake and is correlated to fluid needs.

Answer 9

False
behaviors are responsible for fluid intake
thirst = decreased body water and increased [Na]

Question 10

How hydration status is assessed?

Answer 10

with plasma or serum osmolality

Question 11

What is the AI of water based on?

Answer 11

prevention of dehydration (metabolic and functional abnormalities)

Question 12

What is hyponatremia?

Answer 12

a consequence of XS water = low blood sodium

Question 13

On what is based the recommendation for calcium?

Answer 13

clinical trial data showing an increase in bone mineral density in females taking 1000 mg/day

Question 14

What is the role of phosphorus?

Answer 14

• buffers acid or alkali to maintain pH
• phosphorylation = activation of catalytic proteins (enzymes)
• energy reserve

Question 15

On what is based the EAR for P?

Answer 15

lower end of the normal adult P intake

Question 16

On what the EAR for Mg is based?

Answer 16

balance studies = maintaining blood Mg

Question 17

Why does the EAR of Mg increase with age?

Answer 17

decrease in renal function

Question 18

What are the factors used to determine iron requirement?

Answer 18

• basal losses
• menstrual losses
• growth (increased blood volume or tissue for iron storage)
• fetal dev during pregnancy

Question 19

What regulates Fe absorption?

Answer 19

Fe stores = inversely proportional to ferritin

reason why EAR based on minimal Fe store

Question 20

Why an adequate K intake is important?

Answer 20

• lowering BP
• buffers Na effect on BP
• reduces risk of kidney stones
• potentially reduce bone loss

Question 21

What is the function of thiamin?

Answer 21

coenzyme in CHO metabolism (TPP) + BCAAs

Question 22

How is thiamin status assessed?

Answer 22

• [thiamin] in blood
• erythrocyte translocase activity
• urinary thiamin excretion

Question 23

The requirement for riboflavin is based on what?

Answer 23

• RBC glutathione reductase activity coefficient
• RBC [riboflavin}
• excretion

Question 24

How’s the EAR for riboflavin is derived?

Answer 24

• clinical studies of deficiency
• biochemical values
• excretion in relation to intake

Question 25

What is the function of niacin and how the RDA was determined?

Answer 25

coenzyme for hydrogenases | based on urinary excretion

Question 26

What is folate function and how RDA is established?

Answer 26

- single carbon transport for AA | - DFE (dietary folate equivalents) => 1 ug of food folate = 0.5 ug of supp on empty stomach

Question 27

What are vit B12 functions and how RDA is established?

Answer 27

- coenzyme for homocysteine in metathione and methylmalonyl-CoA => succinyl-CoA - normal B12 blood levels

Question 28

What is the role of biotin?

Answer 28

coenzyme in carboxylation rx

Question 29

what is the role of choline?

Answer 29

precursor of acetylcholine, phospholipids, metyl donor betaine

Question 30

How's the AI for choline is set?

Answer 30

prevention of liver damage

Question 31

What are the benefits of phophatidylcholine?

Answer 31

lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase can remove cholesterol from tissues

Question 32

Why women RDA for vit C is lower than men?

Answer 32

- lower body lean mass - maintain higher plasma ascorbate after intake - less body water - smaller body size

Question 33

What are the important roles of vit A?

Answer 33

- normal vision - gene expression - reproduction - embyonic dev - growth - immune function

Question 34

On what vit A EAR is based?

Answer 34

adequate stores

Question 35

On what vit C RDA is based?

Answer 35

- minimal ascorbate urinary losses | - maintain near maximal neutrophil concentration

Question 36

What is a-TTP?

Answer 36

hepatocytes a-tocopherol transfer protein => from hepatocytes to lipoproteins => maintain plasma [vit E]

Question 37

What is the major function of vit E?

Answer 37

antioxidant for preventing peroxidation of lipids

Question 38

On what is based the RDA of vit E?

Answer 38

- deficiency | - correlation btw H2O-induced erythrocyte lysis and blood [a-tocopherol]

Question 39

What are tocopherols and tocotrienols?

Answer 39

tocopherols: naturally occurring structures having vit E antioxidant activity with a phytyl side chain tocotrienols: unsaturated side chain

Question 40

Which form of vit E is used to determine requirement^

Answer 40

2R-a-tocopherol | 2S-b,y,s do not bind efficiently to a-TTP

Question 41

What is the role of vit K?

Answer 41

co-enzyme for synthesis of bioactive form of proteins involved in blood coagulation and bone metabolism

Question 42

On what is based the AI of vit A?

Answer 42

biggest median intake

Question 43

What are the 2 forms of vit K?

Answer 43

``` phylloquinone = major form in diet menaquinone = produced by bacteria in lower bowel ```

Question 44

What is the equation for TEE?

Answer 44

BEE x PAL