Elderly

Question 1

What is a hypertriglyceridemic waist?

Answer 1

high waist circumference with hypertriglyceridemia = higher risk for CVD

Question 2

what are the consequences of ectopic fat in muscle?

Answer 2

increase insulin resistance and can lead to T2DM

Question 3

what contributes to the decrease of muscle proteins?

Answer 3

decrease LBM + hormonal changes ( decreased GH, sex hormones and insulin sensitivity)

Question 4

what is the benefit of maintaining muscle mass?

Answer 4

better BMD

Question 5

What are the consequences of increased fat in tissues?

Answer 5

fat releases FFAs which are susceptible to free radicals. Oxidation of fat leads to inflammation, increases insulin resistance and decreases muscle protein metabolism

Question 6

what can prevent sarcopenia?

Answer 6

resistance training

Question 7

what can prevent diseases?

Answer 7

low Na, fibers + omega-3

Question 8

what are the criteria of frail classification?

Answer 8

3 or + of : muscle weakness, slow walking, exhaustion, low PA, involuntary wt loss

Question 9

how do the elderly need to adapt their diet?

Answer 9

more nutrient-dense foods and more diversity due to the decrease of energy needs

Question 10

what factors lead to malnutrition in the elderly? (8)

Answer 10

1. decreased body functions (GI, liver, kidneys) => decrease sense and appetite
2. chronic diseases
3. polypharmacy
4. need assistance with self-care
5. tooth loss or oral pain = choking, dentures = food types
6. poor eating
7. poverty
8. decreased social contact

Question 11

What is the cause of decrease in taste?

Answer 11

a decrease in # of taste buds

Question 12

Elderly have a decrease in salivary secretion. What are the consequences to that?

Answer 12

dry mouth syndrome (can be caused by drugs)

saliva lubricates food = difficulties swallowing

Question 13

elderly have a decrease in esophageal function. what are the consequences of that?

Answer 13

dysphagia

choking= aspiration = food into lungs = leading cause of death

Question 14

what are the consequences of a decrease in gastric function and emptying?

Answer 14

• decrease optimal absorption (decrease in pepsin = decrease proteolysis)
• hypochlorhydria = bacterial overgrowth
• decrease nutrient availability = bacteria compete with B vitamin
• dyspepsia = ulcers
• decreased gastric acid (protects against infections)

Question 15

what are the consequences to the decrease in the liver and biliary functions?

Answer 15

increases food intolerance and drug toxicity

Question 16

what is the consequence to a decrease in pancreatic secretion?

Answer 16

decrease absorption

Question 17

what are the consequences to the decrease in intestinal morphology?

Answer 17

• decreases function
• constipation
• lactose intolerance = less dairy intake = increases it A, D, B2 and pro deficiencies

Question 18

what are the consequences to the decrease in renal morphology?

Answer 18

• decrease waste excretion = toxicity
• decrease bioactivation of vit D = deficiency
• impaired thirst = dehydration
• decreased reabsorption of fluids, water + AAs
• decreased cardio function

Question 19

What is type III hypersensitivity response?

Answer 19

IgG and metabolites in XS that can’t be excreted create immune complexes = that activates complement, opsonization, phagocytosis = inflammation = glomerulonephritis = kidney disease