Pregnancy and Pediatric Nutrition Flashcards
How is BMI correlated with sperm count?
High BMI = low sperm
What is the most reliable indicator of a newborn’s health?
Birth weight
During which trimesters is weight gain most rapid?
2nd and 3rd
Which period in the pregnancy is considered critical?
First trimester
During the Dutch famine of WWII, pregnant women who were famished during which trimester resulted in children that went on to have a higher prevalence of obesity, altered lipid profiles and CVD?
First trimester
Is a caloric increase needed during the first trimester? Why or why not?
No, because BMR drops
Why does the FDA recommend 400-600micrograms of folate per day for pregnant women? When does the neural tube close?
To reduce NTD incidence. Closes by 18-26 days post conception.
What are the recommendations for the following nutrients in pregnancy: Calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc.
calcium no increase
vitamin D no increase
iron increase from 18 to 27 mg/day
zinc increase from 8 to 11 mg/day
Should pregnant women avoid mega-doses of vitamin A?
Yeah
What sugar substitute should pregnant women avoid?
Saccharin
Can pregnant women drink caffeine? Does it cross the placenta?
Up to 200mg per day which is 1-2 cups. It crosses the placenta
Vegetarian pregnant people should supplement _____, while vegans should supplement ______, _______, ______, ______.
iron
vegans
iron, B12, calcium, vitamin D
What foods put pregnant women at risk for listeria?
Smoked meat, uncooked seafood, soft cheese, hot dogs, deli meat.
What are the fish recommendations for pregnant women?
8-12 oz per week, don’t eat mercury (shark swordfish, king mackrel, tilefish)
Compare energy and nutrient needs in pregnancy vs. lactation.
Lactation is higher energy needs but folate and iron needs go back down.
What are the breastfeeding recommendations?
Exclusive for first 6 months, main food for first year.
Can a woman’s quality of milk get crappy?
No, the quantity goes down.
What is the predominant protein in breast milk?
Whey.
What is colostrum? Compare foremilk and hindmilk.
Colostrum is yellow stuff that comes out first. Rich in Igs and protein.
Foremilk has more carbs
Hindmilk has more fat
Does breast milk have iron?
No, not much. The small amount that is in there is absorbed well due to lactose and vitamin C in milk
What is the best marker for an infant’s nutritional status?
Growth
Name two growth charts.
WHO for ages 0-2 and CDC for 2+
Do children lose weight after birth?
Yeah they lose fluid
By what age should a child’s body weight double, triple, and quadruple?
Double by 4-6 months
Triple by 1 year
Quadruple by 2 years
When an infant is poorly fed, what is the first thing that changes?
Growth/weight
Define underweight, wasting, stunting. Which ones indicate acute vs. long-term malnourishment?
Underweight is low weight for age - can be acute
Wasting is low weight for height - can be acute
Stunting is low height for age - long term
What measurement is the least sensitive indicator of nutritional status? For how long is this measurement performed?
Head circumference performed until 3 years old
At what point in a person’s life are energy and protein needs the highest? How much energy and protein is needed during this time? Name key vitamins and minerals during infancy.
Infancy. 100kcals/kg/day and 2g/kg/day. Vitamin D, K, B12, iron, fluoride important.
A vitamin ___ shot is given at birth. Why?
K to prevent bleeding.
When should solid foods be introduced?
4-6 months at earliest can give some rice cereal and strained fruits and veggies if ready.
7-9 months they have normal gag reflex, can give chopped foods.
10-12 give finger foods
Why should foods be introduced to babies once at a time?
So you can determine what foods cause allergy if it happens.
Should you give babies cow’s milk? Why or why not?
No cuz it increases risk for GI bleeding.
Compare organic failure to thrive vs. non-organic.
Organic involves an underlying medical condition. Non-organic does not.
How is failure to thrive managed?
Give three meals a day and limit grazing to promote hunger in between meals
Is there a relationship between diet and ADHD?
No
What is the relationship between overweight children, puberty, and growth?
They start puberty earlier and stop growing earlier.
What is the female athlete triad?
Disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis.
Name three contraindications to breast feeding.
HIV infection, galactosemia, and substance abuse
Are supplements recommended for infants?
Just vitamin D - 400 IU/day
What are the childhood obesity classifications?
Overweight: 85%ile BMI for age
Obese: 95%ile BMI for age
Severe obesity: 99%ile BMI for age
