Pregnancy and Pediatric Nutrition

Question 1

How is BMI correlated with sperm count?

Answer 1

High BMI = low sperm

Question 2

What is the most reliable indicator of a newborn’s health?

Answer 2

Birth weight

Question 3

During which trimesters is weight gain most rapid?

Answer 3

2nd and 3rd

Question 4

Which period in the pregnancy is considered critical?

Answer 4

First trimester

Question 5

During the Dutch famine of WWII, pregnant women who were famished during which trimester resulted in children that went on to have a higher prevalence of obesity, altered lipid profiles and CVD?

Answer 5

First trimester

Question 6

Is a caloric increase needed during the first trimester? Why or why not?

Answer 6

No, because BMR drops

Question 7

Why does the FDA recommend 400-600micrograms of folate per day for pregnant women? When does the neural tube close?

Answer 7

To reduce NTD incidence. Closes by 18-26 days post conception.

Question 8

What are the recommendations for the following nutrients in pregnancy: Calcium, vitamin D, iron, zinc.

Answer 8

calcium no increase
vitamin D no increase
iron increase from 18 to 27 mg/day
zinc increase from 8 to 11 mg/day

Question 9

Should pregnant women avoid mega-doses of vitamin A?

Answer 9

Yeah

Question 10

What sugar substitute should pregnant women avoid?

Answer 10

Saccharin

Question 11

Can pregnant women drink caffeine? Does it cross the placenta?

Answer 11

Up to 200mg per day which is 1-2 cups. It crosses the placenta

Question 12

Vegetarian pregnant people should supplement _____, while vegans should supplement ______, _______, ______, ______.

Answer 12

iron

vegans
iron, B12, calcium, vitamin D

Question 13

What foods put pregnant women at risk for listeria?

Answer 13

Smoked meat, uncooked seafood, soft cheese, hot dogs, deli meat.

Question 14

What are the fish recommendations for pregnant women?

Answer 14

8-12 oz per week, don’t eat mercury (shark swordfish, king mackrel, tilefish)

Question 15

Compare energy and nutrient needs in pregnancy vs. lactation.

Answer 15

Lactation is higher energy needs but folate and iron needs go back down.

Question 16

What are the breastfeeding recommendations?

Answer 16

Exclusive for first 6 months, main food for first year.

Question 17

Can a woman’s quality of milk get crappy?

Answer 17

No, the quantity goes down.

Question 18

What is the predominant protein in breast milk?

Answer 18

Whey.

Question 19

What is colostrum? Compare foremilk and hindmilk.

Answer 19

Colostrum is yellow stuff that comes out first. Rich in Igs and protein.

Foremilk has more carbs
Hindmilk has more fat

Question 20

Does breast milk have iron?

Answer 20

No, not much. The small amount that is in there is absorbed well due to lactose and vitamin C in milk

Question 21

What is the best marker for an infant’s nutritional status?

Answer 21

Growth

Question 22

Name two growth charts.

Answer 22

WHO for ages 0-2 and CDC for 2+

Question 23

Do children lose weight after birth?

Answer 23

Yeah they lose fluid

Question 24

By what age should a child’s body weight double, triple, and quadruple?

Answer 24

Double by 4-6 months
Triple by 1 year
Quadruple by 2 years

Question 25

When an infant is poorly fed, what is the first thing that changes?

Answer 25

Growth/weight

Question 26

Define underweight, wasting, stunting. Which ones indicate acute vs. long-term malnourishment?

Answer 26

Underweight is low weight for age - can be acute
Wasting is low weight for height - can be acute
Stunting is low height for age - long term

Question 27

What measurement is the least sensitive indicator of nutritional status? For how long is this measurement performed?

Answer 27

Head circumference performed until 3 years old

Question 28

At what point in a person’s life are energy and protein needs the highest? How much energy and protein is needed during this time? Name key vitamins and minerals during infancy.

Answer 28

Infancy. 100kcals/kg/day and 2g/kg/day. Vitamin D, K, B12, iron, fluoride important.

Question 29

A vitamin ___ shot is given at birth. Why?

Answer 29

K to prevent bleeding.

Question 30

When should solid foods be introduced?

Answer 30

4-6 months at earliest can give some rice cereal and strained fruits and veggies if ready.
7-9 months they have normal gag reflex, can give chopped foods.
10-12 give finger foods

Question 31

Why should foods be introduced to babies once at a time?

Answer 31

So you can determine what foods cause allergy if it happens.

Question 32

Should you give babies cow’s milk? Why or why not?

Answer 32

No cuz it increases risk for GI bleeding.

Question 33

Compare organic failure to thrive vs. non-organic.

Answer 33

Organic involves an underlying medical condition. Non-organic does not.

Question 34

How is failure to thrive managed?

Answer 34

Give three meals a day and limit grazing to promote hunger in between meals

Question 35

Is there a relationship between diet and ADHD?

Answer 35

No

Question 36

What is the relationship between overweight children, puberty, and growth?

Answer 36

They start puberty earlier and stop growing earlier.

Question 37

What is the female athlete triad?

Answer 37

Disordered eating, amenorrhea, osteoporosis.

Question 38

Name three contraindications to breast feeding.

Answer 38

HIV infection, galactosemia, and substance abuse

Question 39

Are supplements recommended for infants?

Answer 39

Just vitamin D - 400 IU/day

Question 40

What are the childhood obesity classifications?

Answer 40

Overweight: 85%ile BMI for age
Obese: 95%ile BMI for age
Severe obesity: 99%ile BMI for age