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Nutrition AKA The most boring class on earth > Cardiovascular and GI Disease > Flashcards

Cardiovascular and GI Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What are the stages of atherosclerosis?

A

Healthy artery –> fatty streak –> plaque –> plaque rupture and thrombus formation.

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2
Q

Which type of fat contributes most greatly to increased risk for coronary heart disease?

A

Trans fats

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3
Q

Which type of fat decreases risk for sudden death?

A

Omega-3

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4
Q

If you are a fish that eats a lot of omega-3 FAs will you have more omega-3 FAs in your body?

A

Yeah

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5
Q

What are the two requirements for a food to be labeled as “whole grain?”

A

Must have 3 grain components and must be at least 51% whole grain

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6
Q

How does fiber lower cholesterol?

A

It binds to bile acids and causes them to be excreted.

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7
Q

Can fructose more readily be converted into TAGs? What pathway?

A

Yeah. F-1,6-bisP –> DHAP –> TAGs

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8
Q

Saturated fats are _____ at room temp.

A

solid

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9
Q

Roughly what is the DASH diet? What is it proven to do?

A

Lots of fruits and veggies, not as much animal protein/meat, 50% carbs, whole grains, also includes nuts, legumes. Lowers blood pressure significantly.

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10
Q

Is it normal for lactase activity to diminish as people age?

A

Yeah

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11
Q

What is hypolactasia?

A

Partial or complete loss of brush border lactase activity.

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12
Q

Is congenital hypolactasia common?

A

Nope

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13
Q

What happens in congenital lactose intolerance? Is it a defect of digestion?

A

Lactose is absorbed by the stomach and gets into the circulation, causing organ dysfunction (it is NOT a defect of digestion).

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14
Q

What are the two types of acquired hypolactasia (lactase nonpersistence, LNP)?

A

Primary - genetically programmed loss of lactase.

Secondary - secondary to disease, injury, surgery, drugs, radiation, etc.

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15
Q

What type of LNP is reversible?

A

Secondary, after the injury/stimulus heals or is removed.

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16
Q

What causes symptoms of lactose intolerance?

A

Osmotic load causes diarrhea, bacterial fermentation into short chain FAs and gas cause bloating, fart city.

17
Q

What are the four methods of dealing with lactose intolerance?

A
  1. Complete avoidance of lactose - downsides are possible insufficient vitamin D and calcium intake.
  2. Limit rate of delivery to small intestine (eat small doses or as part of a mixed meal).
  3. Eat foods that contain bacteria with beta-galactosidase activity (bacteria lyse in the upper GI tract, release enzymes).
  4. Add enzymes to food (tastes funny).
18
Q

What is Celiac disease?

A

Autoimmune malabsorptive disease that causes atrophy of intestinal villi that is aggravated by gluten.

19
Q

What is gluten?

A

A protein found in wheat, rye, barley.

20
Q

What is the mnemonic for CELIAC regarding its management?

A

Consult with a dietician
Education
Lifelong adherence to gluten-free diet
Identification of nutritional deficiencies
Access to advocacy group
Continuous long-term follow up with multidisciplinary team

21
Q

_____ deficiency may be the first sign of Celiac disease.

A

Iron

22
Q

Is gluten hidden in many foods?

A

Yeah!

23
Q

What are two requirements for a food in order to be labeled as “gluten free?”

A

Less than 20ppm gluten, no wheat, rye, barley or derivations.

24
Q

If someone is suffering from diarrhea-induced dehydration and you must rehydrate orally, do you give them water or an electrolyte solution? Why?

A

Give electrolyte solution because the Na/glucose transporter still works and giving a solution will promote osmotic homeostasis.

25
Q

What is pancreatitis? Name signs and symptoms.

A

Inflammation of the pancreas due to trypsin activation. Increased serum amylase and lipase in blood, sudden onset of abdominal pain.

26
Q

Name six possible causes of pancreatitis.

A
  1. Alcohol
  2. Injury/surgery
  3. CF
  4. Gallstones
  5. Hypercalcemia
  6. Smoking
27
Q

Define constipation. What are possible causes?

A

3 or fewer stools/week. Associated with insufficient fiber, dehydration, physical inactivity, meds, intestinal disease.

28
Q

Can diverticular disease be prevented by a high fiber diet?

A

Yeah.

Nutrition AKA The most boring class on earth (12 decks)

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