Cardiovascular and GI Disease Flashcards
What are the stages of atherosclerosis?
Healthy artery –> fatty streak –> plaque –> plaque rupture and thrombus formation.
Which type of fat contributes most greatly to increased risk for coronary heart disease?
Trans fats
Which type of fat decreases risk for sudden death?
Omega-3
If you are a fish that eats a lot of omega-3 FAs will you have more omega-3 FAs in your body?
Yeah
What are the two requirements for a food to be labeled as “whole grain?”
Must have 3 grain components and must be at least 51% whole grain
How does fiber lower cholesterol?
It binds to bile acids and causes them to be excreted.
Can fructose more readily be converted into TAGs? What pathway?
Yeah. F-1,6-bisP –> DHAP –> TAGs
Saturated fats are _____ at room temp.
solid
Roughly what is the DASH diet? What is it proven to do?
Lots of fruits and veggies, not as much animal protein/meat, 50% carbs, whole grains, also includes nuts, legumes. Lowers blood pressure significantly.
Is it normal for lactase activity to diminish as people age?
Yeah
What is hypolactasia?
Partial or complete loss of brush border lactase activity.
Is congenital hypolactasia common?
Nope
What happens in congenital lactose intolerance? Is it a defect of digestion?
Lactose is absorbed by the stomach and gets into the circulation, causing organ dysfunction (it is NOT a defect of digestion).
What are the two types of acquired hypolactasia (lactase nonpersistence, LNP)?
Primary - genetically programmed loss of lactase.
Secondary - secondary to disease, injury, surgery, drugs, radiation, etc.
What type of LNP is reversible?
Secondary, after the injury/stimulus heals or is removed.
What causes symptoms of lactose intolerance?
Osmotic load causes diarrhea, bacterial fermentation into short chain FAs and gas cause bloating, fart city.
What are the four methods of dealing with lactose intolerance?
- Complete avoidance of lactose - downsides are possible insufficient vitamin D and calcium intake.
- Limit rate of delivery to small intestine (eat small doses or as part of a mixed meal).
- Eat foods that contain bacteria with beta-galactosidase activity (bacteria lyse in the upper GI tract, release enzymes).
- Add enzymes to food (tastes funny).
What is Celiac disease?
Autoimmune malabsorptive disease that causes atrophy of intestinal villi that is aggravated by gluten.
What is gluten?
A protein found in wheat, rye, barley.
What is the mnemonic for CELIAC regarding its management?
Consult with a dietician
Education
Lifelong adherence to gluten-free diet
Identification of nutritional deficiencies
Access to advocacy group
Continuous long-term follow up with multidisciplinary team
_____ deficiency may be the first sign of Celiac disease.
Iron
Is gluten hidden in many foods?
Yeah!
What are two requirements for a food in order to be labeled as “gluten free?”
Less than 20ppm gluten, no wheat, rye, barley or derivations.
If someone is suffering from diarrhea-induced dehydration and you must rehydrate orally, do you give them water or an electrolyte solution? Why?
Give electrolyte solution because the Na/glucose transporter still works and giving a solution will promote osmotic homeostasis.
What is pancreatitis? Name signs and symptoms.
Inflammation of the pancreas due to trypsin activation. Increased serum amylase and lipase in blood, sudden onset of abdominal pain.
Name six possible causes of pancreatitis.
- Alcohol
- Injury/surgery
- CF
- Gallstones
- Hypercalcemia
- Smoking
Define constipation. What are possible causes?
3 or fewer stools/week. Associated with insufficient fiber, dehydration, physical inactivity, meds, intestinal disease.
Can diverticular disease be prevented by a high fiber diet?
Yeah.
