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Nutrition AKA The most boring class on earth > Classification of Nutrients > Flashcards

Classification of Nutrients Flashcards

1
Q 
How many calories per gram are: 
1) Carbs
2) Protein
3) Fat
4) Ethanol
?
A

4
4
9
7

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2
Q

What are the two classes of micronutrients?

A

Vitamins, minerals.

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3
Q

What is a “conditionally essential nutrient?”

A

Nutrients that become essential as a result of illness or treatment.

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4
Q

Over what length of time are food frequency questionnaires conducted? What are they used for primarily?

A

6-12 months, used mostly for research

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5
Q

What is involved in keeping a food record? Over what length of time are these usually conducted?

A

Writing stuff down at the time of consumption. Usually conducted over a period of a few days.

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6
Q

What does the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) involve? What population is it conducted on?

A

In person physical, clinical exam, blood/labs, 24 hour diet recall and questionnaires. Conducted on U.S. non-institutionalized persons of all ages.

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7
Q

What does the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) involve? What population is it conducted on?

A

Done over the phone, involves assessing risk behaviors and health care access and use related to chronic diseases and injury. Conducted on U.S. non-institutionalized persons of all ages.

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8
Q

What do the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) provide recommendations for?

A

Provides recommendations for macronutrients, micronutrients, and water intake.

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9
Q

Name the five sub-categories of the Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI).

A
  1. Estimated average requirement (EAR)
  2. Recommended dietary allowance (RDA)
  3. Adequate intake (AI)
  4. Tolerable upper limit (TUL)
  5. Average macronutrient distribution range (AMDR)
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10
Q

Define the estimated average requirement (EAR).

A

Average daily nutrient intake level that is estimated to meet the requirements of HALF of the healthy individuals of a particular life stage and gender group.

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11
Q

Define the recommended dietary allowance (RDA). How is it derived?

A

The average daily nutrient intake level that is estimated to meet the requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals of a particular life stage and gender group. It is a statistical calculation from the estimated average requirement (EAR).

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12
Q

What is adequate intake (AI) based on and when is it used?

A

It is based on observed or experimentally derived approximations of nutrient intake by groups of healthy people that are assumed to be adequate. It is used when RDA cannot be determined.

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13
Q

What is the tolerable upper intake level (TUL)?

A

Highest average daily nutrient intake level that is unlikely to pose a risk of adverse events to almost all individuals in the general population.

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14
Q

Name five ways that dietary intake can be assessed.

A
  1. Patient recalls
  2. Food records/diaries
  3. FFQs (questionnaires)
  4. Biomarkers
  5. Appearance and disappearance data for food supplies
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15
Q

What are the two national surveys that assess U.S. intake, body weight, and nutrition related outcomes?

A

NHANES and BRFSS

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16
Q

What do the acceptable macronutrient distribution ranges (AMDR) describe?

A

The percentage of total daily energy of a macronutrient that is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease while providing sufficient amounts of essential nutrients.

17
Q

The U.S. Dietary guidelines for Americans (DGA) must be revised every __ years.

A

5

18
Q

What is the goal of the U.S. Dietary guidelines for Americans (DGA)?

A

Provide authoritative advice for people 2 years and older about how good dietary habits can promote health and reduce risk for major chronic diseases.

19
Q

Which represents stronger scientific evidence: DGA or AI?

A

DGA! AI can be an approximation.

20
Q

What system serves as the basis for federal food assistance programs such as assistance to women, infants and children (WIC)?

A

The DGA

21
Q

Name the six goals of the 2010 DGA.

A
  1. Reduce overweight and obesity
  2. Shift intake patterns to a more plant-based diet
  3. Reduce intake of added sugars and solid fats
  4. Reduce sodium intake
  5. Eat fewer refined grains
  6. Meet the 2008 physical activity guideline for Americans
22
Q

How do the reference daily intake (RDI) values on food labels relate to the recommended dietary allowance (RDA)?

A

The RDI is usually the highest RDA value in all categories except the category pertaining to pregnant or lactating women.

23
Q

What nutrients do dietary reference values (DRVs) on nutrition labels apply to?

A

The nutrients that lack RDA values.

24
Q

How are supplements regulated and what piece of legislation granted this authority?

A

Regulated by the FDA in a similar manner that foods are. The 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) amended the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic act that gave the FDA authority to oversee safety of food, drugs, and cosmetics to also include supplements.

25
Q

Name two ways in which supplement labels differ from food labels.

A
  1. It says “Supplement Facts”

2. It lists ALL nutrients in the product

26
Q

Which is more detailed: A nutrition screening or assessment?

A

A nutrition assessment. It includes a history, physical, anthropometric measurements, and labs:

A: Anthropometry and body composition
B: Biochemical
C: Clinical
D: Dietary
E/F: Exercise/energy balance and functional status
27
Q

What does a nutrition screening usually involve? Name one tool (metric) that is often used.

A

Height, weight, BMI, history. The Malnutrition Universal Screening Tool (MUST) is often used in hospitals/clinics.

28
Q

Which two compartments are part of the two-compartment model of body composition?

A

Free fat mass (FFM) and fat

29
Q

Approximately what percentage of FFA is water?

A

73%

30
Q

Name three confounders of BMI.

A

Increased muscle, edema, ascites

31
Q

What is the formula for BMI?

A

kg body weight/height in meters ^2

32
Q

Which body landmark is used to measure waist circumference?

A

Iliac crest

33
Q

Name the values for the following BMI classifications: Underweight, overweight, obese class I, obese class II, extremely obese.

A 
Underweight: less than 18.5
Overweight: 25-29.9
Obese class I: 30-34.4
Obese class II: 35-39.9
Extremely obese (class III): 40 or greater
34
Q

How is handgrip dynanometry (hand strength testing) relevant to diet?

A

Handgrip is supposedly sensitive to nutritional deficiencies.

35
Q

What does DEXA stand for? What does it do?

A

Stands for Dual Energy X-ray Absorptiometry. Uses two x-ray energy sources to distinguish lean mass from fat mass.

Nutrition AKA The most boring class on earth (12 decks)

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