Pregnancy and Newborn Flashcards
Germinal Period
Fertilized egg implants in the uterine lining
Zygote (1 cell) grows to blastocyst (100 cells)
Trophoblast
First 14 days
Outer layer of cells which nourishes embryo
Embryonic disk
Inner group of cells that become embryo
1/2 don’t survive this stage (usually severe genetic abnormalities)
First trimester
Placenta forms
Major Organs form
First trimester cont’d
Proximodistal and cephalocaudal development
Called an embryo
First Trimester extra notes
2-9 weeks gestation
20% miscarriage rate
Cephalocaudal Proximodistal development
Inward organs develop before outer organs (Eg: fingers and toes after arms)
Second Trimester (months 4-6)
Called a fetus
Respiratory Organs finalize development
Reflexes such as sucking
Response to light
Sleep/wake cycles
Viability
At around 24 weeks gestation babies usually survive with NICU care
Third Trimester (6th month to birth)
Organ maturation continues
Babies develop body fat
36-37 weeks is early term
40 weeks is full term
Early brains
Glial cells beginning to form at 24 weeks
Most neuron’s have formed
Fetuses can feel pain at 24 weeks
Differentiation of cells/early brain formation
Brain development begins in the 3rd week with the differentiation of stem cells or neural plate
Early Brain
By end of 3rd week neural groove forms from neural plate
Becomes neural tube
The open region becomes ventricles, spinal cord
Early Brain Cont’d
By end of week 8 forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain are formed
Neural tube defects
Spina Bifida (open defect)
Environmental contributors to birth defects
Teratogens
Teratogens
Teratogens and nutritional deficiencies have the highest risk in first trimester
Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Mostly affects the frontal lobe of brain
Creates difficulty with impulse control and executive functioning
Examples of teratogens
Car accident
Drugs
Infections
Metabolic
Newborn complications
Prematurity
Anoxia (lack of oxygen)
Infection/sepsis
Complications from birth defects
Maternal and Paternal age
Babies born to older parents have higher risk of complications
Newborn Assessment
Apgar scores help determine if newborns are medically stable/require interventions
Newborn Reflexes
Infants born with involuntary/fixed responses
Maternal trauma or depression can impact infant and child development