Pregnancy and Newborn

Question 1

Germinal Period

Answer 1

Fertilized egg implants in the uterine lining
Zygote (1 cell) grows to blastocyst (100 cells)

Question 2

Trophoblast

Answer 2

First 14 days
Outer layer of cells which nourishes embryo

Question 3

Embryonic disk

Answer 3

Inner group of cells that become embryo
1/2 don’t survive this stage (usually severe genetic abnormalities)

Question 4

First trimester

Answer 4

Placenta forms
Major Organs form

Question 5

First trimester cont’d

Answer 5

Proximodistal and cephalocaudal development
Called an embryo

Question 6

First Trimester extra notes

Answer 6

2-9 weeks gestation
20% miscarriage rate

Question 7

Cephalocaudal Proximodistal development

Answer 7

Inward organs develop before outer organs (Eg: fingers and toes after arms)

Question 8

Second Trimester (months 4-6)

Answer 8

Called a fetus
Respiratory Organs finalize development
Reflexes such as sucking
Response to light
Sleep/wake cycles

Question 9

Viability

Answer 9

At around 24 weeks gestation babies usually survive with NICU care

Question 10

Third Trimester (6th month to birth)

Answer 10

Organ maturation continues
Babies develop body fat
36-37 weeks is early term
40 weeks is full term

Question 11

Early brains

Answer 11

Glial cells beginning to form at 24 weeks
Most neuron’s have formed
Fetuses can feel pain at 24 weeks

Question 12

Differentiation of cells/early brain formation

Answer 12

Brain development begins in the 3rd week with the differentiation of stem cells or neural plate

Question 13

Early Brain

Answer 13

By end of 3rd week neural groove forms from neural plate
Becomes neural tube
The open region becomes ventricles, spinal cord

Question 14

Early Brain Cont’d

Answer 14

By end of week 8 forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain are formed

Question 15

Neural tube defects

Answer 15

Spina Bifida (open defect)

Question 16

Environmental contributors to birth defects

Answer 16

Teratogens

Question 17

Teratogens

Answer 17

Teratogens and nutritional deficiencies have the highest risk in first trimester

Question 18

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Answer 18

Mostly affects the frontal lobe of brain
Creates difficulty with impulse control and executive functioning

Question 19

Examples of teratogens

Answer 19

Car accident
Drugs
Infections
Metabolic

Question 20

Newborn complications

Answer 20

Prematurity
Anoxia (lack of oxygen)
Infection/sepsis
Complications from birth defects

Question 21

Maternal and Paternal age

Answer 21

Babies born to older parents have higher risk of complications

Question 22

Newborn Assessment

Answer 22

Apgar scores help determine if newborns are medically stable/require interventions

Question 23

Newborn Reflexes

Answer 23

Infants born with involuntary/fixed responses

Question 24

Maternal trauma or depression can impact infant and child development