Children in Early Childhood

Question 1

Albert Bandura P.1

Answer 1

One of first researchers to consider violence on children

Question 2

Albert Bandura P.2

Answer 2

Interested in impact of imitation on development

Question 3

Albert Bandura P.3

Answer 3

Reciprocal Determinism- Interaction between environment and individual determines learning outcomes

Question 4

Gender

Answer 4

Gender identity and constancy formed in young childhood
Individual characteristics (fluidity, non-binary, gender)

Question 5

Gender Stereotypes

Answer 5

Gender differences are only seen as dysphoria/ a problem if they make a child unhappy
Non-traditional gender roles are not a disorder

Question 6

Implications for Development

Answer 6

Bullying/stigma of children who display non-traditional gender roles/identity

Question 7

Implications for Development

Answer 7

Discrimination/lack of access for women and gender minorities (lower wages)

Question 8

Piaget on role of parents/teachers

Answer 8

Believed teaching made children passive learners

Question 9

Vygotsky on role of parents/teachers

Answer 9

Believed that scaffolding (breaking down of information in digestible bits) was necessary

Question 10

Diverse-desires

Answer 10

Understanding that 2 people may have different desires regarding the same object

Question 11

Diverse-beliefs

Answer 11

Understanding that 2 people may hold different beliefs about an object

Question 12

Knowledge access (/ignorance)

Answer 12

Understanding that people may or may not have access to information

Question 13

False belief

Answer 13

Understanding that someone might hold a belief based on false information

Question 14

Hidden emotion

Answer 14

Understanding that people may not always express their true emotions

Question 15

Autism Perspective

Answer 15

Autistic children may take longer to develop a theory of mind

Question 16

Theory of mind development is later in collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures

Answer 16

More focus on harmony than individual social skills
Knowledge is acquired before the exploration of individual differences in perspective

Question 17

Effects of spanking

Answer 17

Increased aggression
Increase risk of mental health problems
Reduce IQ

Question 18

4 Parenting styles

Answer 18

Permissive
Authoritarian
Uninvolved
Authoritative

Question 19

Authoritative Parenting

Answer 19

Children of authoritative parents know what is expected of them. Their parents explain reasons for the rules and consequences for breaking them. Parents also listen to their child’s opinions, but the parent remains the ultimate decision maker.

Question 20

Permissive Parenting

Answer 20

Permissive parents might pride themselves on being their child’s best friend. These parents are warm and nurturing with open communication. They are actively involved in their children’s emotional well-being. They also have low expectations and use discipline sparingly. Permissive parents let children make their own choices, but also bail them out if it doesn’t go well.

Question 21

Authoritarian Parenting

Answer 21

Authoritarian parenting uses strict rules, high standards and punishment to regulate the child’s behavior. Authoritarian parents have high expectations and are not flexible on them. The children might not even know a rule is in place until they’re punished for breaking it.

Question 22

Uninvolved Parenting

Answer 22

Neglectful parents fulfill the child’s basic needs, but then pay little attention to the child. These parents tend to offer minimal nurturing and have few expectations or limitations for their child. It’s not always a conscious choice parents make, but can be forced by circumstance, such as the need to work late shifts, single parenting,

Question 23

Culture/Socioeconomic influence parenting

Answer 23

Collectivist vs individualistic cultures encourage different parenting styles Eg: German more permissive vs Inuit more Authoritative

Question 24

Sibling relationships

Answer 24

Quality of relationship influenced by relationship with parents

Question 25

Constructivism

Answer 25

how people construct knowledge through their experiences and interactions with the world