Children in Early Childhood Flashcards
Albert Bandura P.1
One of first researchers to consider violence on children
Albert Bandura P.2
Interested in impact of imitation on development
Albert Bandura P.3
Reciprocal Determinism- Interaction between environment and individual determines learning outcomes
Gender
Gender identity and constancy formed in young childhood
Individual characteristics (fluidity, non-binary, gender)
Gender Stereotypes
Gender differences are only seen as dysphoria/ a problem if they make a child unhappy
Non-traditional gender roles are not a disorder
Implications for Development
Bullying/stigma of children who display non-traditional gender roles/identity
Implications for Development
Discrimination/lack of access for women and gender minorities (lower wages)
Piaget on role of parents/teachers
Believed teaching made children passive learners
Vygotsky on role of parents/teachers
Believed that scaffolding (breaking down of information in digestible bits) was necessary
Diverse-desires
Understanding that 2 people may have different desires regarding the same object
Diverse-beliefs
Understanding that 2 people may hold different beliefs about an object
Knowledge access (/ignorance)
Understanding that people may or may not have access to information
False belief
Understanding that someone might hold a belief based on false information
Hidden emotion
Understanding that people may not always express their true emotions
Autism Perspective
Autistic children may take longer to develop a theory of mind
Theory of mind development is later in collectivistic cultures than individualistic cultures
More focus on harmony than individual social skills
Knowledge is acquired before the exploration of individual differences in perspective
Effects of spanking
Increased aggression
Increase risk of mental health problems
Reduce IQ
4 Parenting styles
Permissive
Authoritarian
Uninvolved
Authoritative
Authoritative Parenting
Children of authoritative parents know what is expected of them. Their parents explain reasons for the rules and consequences for breaking them. Parents also listen to their child’s opinions, but the parent remains the ultimate decision maker.
Permissive Parenting
Permissive parents might pride themselves on being their child’s best friend. These parents are warm and nurturing with open communication. They are actively involved in their children’s emotional well-being. They also have low expectations and use discipline sparingly. Permissive parents let children make their own choices, but also bail them out if it doesn’t go well.
Authoritarian Parenting
Authoritarian parenting uses strict rules, high standards and punishment to regulate the child’s behavior. Authoritarian parents have high expectations and are not flexible on them. The children might not even know a rule is in place until they’re punished for breaking it.
Uninvolved Parenting
Neglectful parents fulfill the child’s basic needs, but then pay little attention to the child. These parents tend to offer minimal nurturing and have few expectations or limitations for their child. It’s not always a conscious choice parents make, but can be forced by circumstance, such as the need to work late shifts, single parenting,
Culture/Socioeconomic influence parenting
Collectivist vs individualistic cultures encourage different parenting styles Eg: German more permissive vs Inuit more Authoritative
Sibling relationships
Quality of relationship influenced by relationship with parents
