pregnancy

Question 1

when is pregnancy dated ie started from

Answer 1

from the first day of the last menstrual period

Question 2

DIAGRAM hormone levels during pregnancy

Answer 2

HCG increases then dips, but the rest (including placental lactogen) rise

Question 3

relation between pregnancy hormones and placnta

Answer 3

increase, as placenta increases, as placenta produces these hormones (also produces Hcg)

Question 4

what produces progesterone in pregnancy and improtance

Answer 4

corpus luteum up oto 8 weeks, but then by placenta as size increases- needed to maintain pregnancy (LUTEO-PLACENTAL SHIFT0

Question 5

production of estrogens during pregnancy

Answer 5

corpus luteum initially, then by fetal adrenal glands and placenta- placenta can’t produce androgens, so done by adrenals, which is then converted in placenta

Question 6

when do issues with foetal development mainly occur

Answer 6

in 1st trimester (NOT 2nd)

Question 7

last 4 main organs that develop

Answer 7

lungs, GI tract, immune system+ brain

Question 8

how does structure of placenta change in pregnancy

Answer 8

stays similar, but fewer cytotrophoblasts towards end, allowing more nutrients into foetal blood

Question 9

what is mainly supply of nutrients during first trimester

Answer 9

decidual glands of placenta, NOT maternal blood

Question 10

main supply of nutrients after week 10

Answer 10

maternal blood due to spiral artery remodellign

Question 11

issue with spiral artery remodelling and what trimester

Answer 11

if placenta not anchored, pressure in maternal supply can detach placenta= miscarriage: 1st trimester

Question 12

nervous system of placenta and significance

Answer 12

no nervous supply= no pain to foetus when umbilical cord cuut

Question 13

how placental growth regulated

Answer 13

by AUTOCRINE mechanisms controlled by maternal tissue

Question 14

maternal risk during prengnacy

Answer 14

no risk apart from labour- remodelling of spiral arteries means blood can be lost if uterus does not contract: this can occur in any placental tissue is left in uterus

Question 15

define still birth and how assessed

Answer 15

death of infant within uterus- increased risk by less fetal movements or fetal blood flow (doppler ultrasound)

Question 16

what stage does embryo become foetus

Answer 16

2nd

Question 17

when do most maternal changes occur

Answer 17

1st stage

Question 18

maternal changes

Answer 18

increased weight/basal body temp/breast size/vaginal mucous production/nausea/blood clotting (normally leads to increased BP, but her leads to DECREASED BP), less appetite, greater urinary frequency, altered immune system

Question 19

define conceptus, embryo and foetus

Answer 19

everything resulting from the zygote, including embryo: baby before it’s human: baby for rest of pregnancy ie looks human

Question 20

functions of placenta

Answer 20

SEBIC: SEPARATION between both vascular systems (they NEVER come into contact), exchange of nutrients/waste products, biosynthesis of things, immunoregulation (ensures no rejection of conceptus), and CONNECTION (anchorage)

Question 21

DIAGRAM structure of placenta including umbilical cord

Answer 21

made up cotyledons, which have villi (contains only foetal blood)- there is lots of branching to allow more exchange and anchor placenta- umbilical vessels resemble pulmonary system ie umbilical artery deoxygenated

Question 22

cytotrophoblast cells+ spiral remodelling

Answer 22

Cytotrophoblast shell limit blood to embryo during early pregnancy- but during 1st trimester SPIRAL ARTERY REMODELLING occurs, where blood vessels get wider to allow more blood to embryo