Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

How many weeks are the first, second and third trimesters?

A

1st trimester: 0-13w
2nd trimester: 13-26w
3rd trimester: 26-39w

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2
Q

What is term?

A

The time given to the 37th-41st week of pregnancy

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3
Q

What maternal changes happen in the first trimester?

A
Altered hormones (new baby being made!)
Altered brain function (baby brain!)
Altered emotional state (aaaah baby!)
Altered appetite (quality and quantity)
Altered immune function 

Note: these changes can also happen during later stages

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4
Q

What maternal changes happen in the second trimester?

A

Increased blood volume
Increased clotting tendency
Decreased BP
Altered fluid balance (peeing more, drinking more)

Note: these changes can also happen during later stages

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5
Q

What maternal changes happen in the third trimester?

A
Increased weight
Altered joints (pelvic changes)
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6
Q

Which hormone increases rapidly during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy and then falls?

A

HCG

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7
Q

What is the function of HCG?

A

Maintains production of oestrogen and progesterone

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8
Q

Morning sickness is thought to be related to rise in which hormone?

A

HCG (it peaks in the first trimester, and morning sickness is also seen in the first trimester)

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9
Q

Which three other hormones are produced during the second and third trimesters? List these in order of intensity

A

Progesterone > oestradiol > placental lactogen

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10
Q

What is a conceptus? Give three examples

A

Everything resulting from a fertilised egg e.g. baby, placenta, fetal membranes

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11
Q

Distinguish between embryo and fetus

A

EmBryo - Before it’s clearly human

Fetus - baby that’s clearly human

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12
Q

What is a blastocyst?

A

The initial bilayer of cells

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13
Q

What is a yolk sac?

A

Preliminary circulatory system attached to the embryo

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14
Q

What classification system is used to classify human development?

A

Carnegie stages of human development

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15
Q

Discuss the advantage and disadvantage of using other animal foetuses to study human pregnancy

A

Embryos of various species looks similar

However, size of embryo differs
Length of pregnancy differs

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16
Q

Describe the side of the placenta which faces the fetus

A

Baby is attached to the umbilical cord, which is attached to a 20cm long disc. This is surrounded by fetal membrane containing amniotic fluid and blood vessels.

17
Q

What is seen on the maternal side of the placenta?

A

Cotyledons

18
Q

Describe the size and distribution of cotyledons on the maternal side of the placenta

A

BIGGER in the middle, SMALLER around the edges

19
Q

What is the cotyledon made of?

A

Branches of blood vessels which come into contact with maternal blood via endometrium

20
Q

Which vessel carries deoxygenated blood from the fetus?

A

Umbilical artery

21
Q

Which vessel carries oxygenated blood from the fetus?

A

Umbilical vein

22
Q

Describe the key features of the cotyledons

A

Anchors the placenta
Provides intimate contact between maternal and paternal tissues
Large SA due to highly branched structure
Effective transport of molecules

23
Q

List the functions of the placenta

A
Connects baby to mother
Separates maternal and fetal blood 
Exchanges substances
Immunoregulation 
Biosynthesis of hormones
24
Q

List two hormones synthesized by the placenta

A

HcG

Human placental lactogen

25
Q

Describe placental development

A

Cytotrophoblast proliferates into the syncytium

A column structure is formed, which branches into villi.

26
Q

Compare blood flow from mother to baby in the first vs second trimester and explain these changes

A

1st trimester - cytotrophoblast shell limits blood flow to placenta to reduce generation of oxygen free radicals
2nd/3rd trimester trimester - spiral artery remodelling happens to facilitate increased blood flow when infant growth is greatest

27
Q

What are the main risks to the mother during pregnancy?

A

The labour process itself
Left bits of placenta in the uterus (prevents adequate uterine contraction and permits blood flow and loss via spiral arteries)

28
Q

What are the main risks to the fetus during pregnancy?

A

Chromosomal abnormalities

Incomplete anchorage of placenta

29
Q

When are incompletely anchored placentas most common?

A

First term of pregnancy

30
Q

When is the limit of viability, before which the likely outcome is stillbirth?

A

23 weeks

31
Q

What is the main problem with pregnancy after the 23 weeks have been passed and what causes this?

A

Early delivery; deteriorating maternal and fetal health, or early onset of labour

32
Q

If there’s early delivery, which babies are at greatest risk and why? (time period)

A

Those born before 32 weeks

Due to incomplete development of lungs, brain, digestive system and immune system.

33
Q

What do you call the babies born between 23 and 32 weeks?

A

Very preterm babies

34
Q

What do you call the babies born between 32 and 27 weeks?

A

Moderately preterm babies

35
Q

What may indicate stillbirth?

A

Decreased fetal movement

36
Q

How can you monitor fetal wellbeing to detect risk of stillbirth?

A

Ultrasound assessment

Fetal doppler

37
Q

By which week do the lungs, liver and kidneys grow?

A

8th week

38
Q

By which week do the face, ears, fingers and toes grow?

A

7th week

39
Q

What is growing at the 6th week?

A
Face
Ears
Hands
Feet
Liver
Bladder
Gut
Pancreas