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RDA > Embryology - Part 1 > Flashcards

Embryology - Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is compaction?

A

The development of a conceptus into a morula

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2
Q

What is the morula?

A

Post cleavage ball of cells from which the blastocyst is formed

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3
Q

What does the morula become when it differentiates? Describe this process.

A

The inner cells differ from those on the outside; forming a blastocyst.

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4
Q

What are the layers of the blastocyst?

A

Outer layer = trophoectoderm/trophoblast
Inner cell mass (undifferentiated)
Fluid filled cavity

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5
Q

What does the blastocyst do between the 6th and 10th day after fertilisation

A

The blastocyst hatches from the zona pellucida and implants into the uterine lining.

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6
Q

What does the inner cell mass become between the 6th and 10th day after fertilisation? What forms above and below these layers?

A

The inner cell mass becomes a bilayer disk composed of:
Hypoblast cells
Epiblast cells

Note: amniotic cavity forms in/above the epiblast around day 8
Yolk sac forms below hypoblast.

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7
Q

Which process converts this bilayer into a trilayer?

A

Gastrulation

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8
Q

What does gastrulation produce?

A

A trilaminar embryo consisting of the three germ cell layers:
Ectoderm
Mesoderm
Endoderm

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9
Q

When does gastrulation happen?

A

14-18 days after fertilisation

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10
Q

What happens to the epiblast cells?

A

They proliferate and differentiate to form mesoderm cells

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11
Q

Where do the mesoderm cells go?

A

They move between the epiblast and hypoblast cells

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12
Q

How is the endoderm made?

A

The mesoderm cells differentiate further to form the endoderm

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13
Q

What happens to the hypoblast cells and why?

A

They apoptose as they are replaced by the endoderm

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14
Q

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

A

Skin
CNS
(two largest organs)

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15
Q

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

A 
Muscles 
Blood
Skeleton
Heart
Kidney
(think of everything that's really key for an athlete incl. peeing in a cup to check for doping)
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16
Q

What does the endoderm give rise to?

A

Gut
Lungs
Liver
(key organs for pharmacology?)

17
Q

Which layer do other tissues come from?

A

A mixture of germ layers

18
Q

What happens BEFORE gastrulation is complete?

A

Neurulation

19
Q

What is neurulation guided by?

A

Neurulation i.e. the differentiation of the ectoderm into the CNS

Guided by: notochord in mesoderm

20
Q

What initially forms in the ectoderm to prepare for CNS development?

A

Neural plate

21
Q

Describe how the neural plate gives rise to the CNS

A

The neural plate folds inwards, forming a neural groove. The neural crests on either side come together and pinch off, forming the neural tube.

22
Q

Neurulation and the fusion of the neural tube continues into which week?

A

3rd-4th week

23
Q

What else happens in parallel to neurulation?

A

The precursors of other tissues are forming.

24
Q

Give examples of precursor tissues forming at the cranial end

A

Cardiac

Vascular progenitors

25
Q

Give examples of precursor tissues forming at the caudal end

A

Primordial germ cells form in the yolk sac at the caudal end

26
Q

In which two directions does folding of the embryo occur?

A

Laterally

Anterior-Posterior direction

27
Q

What does lateral fusion of the embryo actually fuse?

A

It fuses the ventral midline i.e. the chest and abdomen
Fuses gut tube
Forms main body cavities

28
Q

What does anterior-posterior fusion of the embryo do?

A

Folds the primordial germ cells into the hind gut

Folds the heart progenitors under the head of embryo

29
Q

What has happened by the 4th week?

A

Precursors of all internal tissues have been laid down

30
Q

What development happens during the 5th to 8th week?

A

Elaboration of the tissues generated during the early weeks

31
Q

Development of which organs happens during the second month?

A 
Urogenital
Cardiac
Facial 
Lung
Limb
32
Q

What are the four cellular processes involved in embryological development?

A

Proliferation
Differentiation
Reorganisation
Apoptosis

RDA (13 decks)

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