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Exam 3 A&P > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on cardiac output?

A

Increases cardiac output by increasing pre-load and stroke volume

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2
Q

What effect does progesterone have on blood pressure?

A

BP is reduced as systemic vascular resistance drops by 20%

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3
Q

What major vein does the growing foetus put pressure on in later stages?

A

Inferior vena cava

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4
Q

What effect does increased pressure on the inferior vena cava have on BP?

A

Reduced BP due to reduced blood flow back in to the atrium

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5
Q

What happens to total blood volume in pregnancy? And why?

A

Increase total volume by 30-50% to meet the needs of the foetus and provide volume for uteroplatal perfusion

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6
Q

What happens to RBC volume during pregnancy?

A

Increases by 20-30%

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7
Q

Why may a pregnant woman experience anemia?

A

Increase in plasma volume disproportionate to increase in RBC, therefore relative anaemia

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8
Q

What does erythroprotein do?

A

Stimulates the production of RBC in bone marrow

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9
Q

What effect does progesterone have on respiration?

A

Increases minute volume
(Air breathed over 1minute)

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10
Q

What does an ABG specimen show in a pregnant woman?

A

Respiratory alkalosis with compensatory metabolic acidosis

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11
Q

What is hydronephrosis?

A

Swelling of kidneys due to a build up of urine

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12
Q

What effect does progesterone have on the kidneys?

A

It causes vasodilation so increases blood flow by 50%

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13
Q

How may the growing foetus impact the mother’s urinary system?

A

Compression of ureters obstructing the flow of urine to the bladder, increasing risk of acute kidney injury

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14
Q

After which week of pregnancy may gestational hypertension occur?

A

20

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15
Q

Why may gestational diabetes occur?

A

Cortisol-mediated insulin resistance so the foetus is not deprived of glucose

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16
Q

What physiological change happens to the pituitary gland and why?

A

Increase in size by 1/3rd due to hyperplasia of lactotrophs (new cells grow) in response to high oestrogen

17
Q

Where is prolactin produced?

A

Lactotrophs in the pituitary gland

18
Q

What does prolactin do?

A

Stimulate mammary gland development and stimulate lactation

19
Q

The foetal skeleton formation requires calcium, what effect does this have on the mother?

A

Increase of parathyroid hormone causing increased uptake of dietary Ca, increase Ca reabsorption in the kidneys, increased osteoclast activity

20
Q

What effect does pregnancy have on nervous grey matter?

A

Shrinks in size for up to 3 years post partum

21
Q

What effect do oestrogen and relaxin have on the MSK system?

A

Remodelling of soft tissues and ligaments to allow for foetal growth

22
Q

What hormone causes skin pigmentation changes?

A

Melanin

23
Q

How are babies made?

A

Shagging

24
Q

Why might a pregnant woman experience respiratory alkalosis?

A

Progesterone increases tidal volume, more CO2 (acidic gas) is blown off per minute, so circulating blood becomes relatively more alkali as a result of less acid

25
Q

How does the body compensate for being in respiratory alkalosis?

A

Metabolic acidic compromise- decrease in serum bicarbonate mediated by kidneys

26
Q

How much does BP drop during pregnancy?

A

10-15 mmHg

27
Q

A 30week pregnant patient complains of dizziness when lying down, why and what advice would you give?

A

Increase pressure on the IVC when lying down reduces blood flow to the heart

Advice- lie on her side

28
Q

Where is progesterone produced during weeks 0-10 of pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum of the Ovaries

29
Q

Where is progesterone produced after week 10 of pregnancy?

A

Placenta

30
Q

What events confirm labour?

A

Uterine contractions

Progressive cervical dilation

Descent of presenting part of the baby

31
Q

Which is the longest stage of labour?

A

Cervical dilation

32
Q

Which hormone intensifies contractions in a positive-feedback mechanism?

A

Oxytocin

33
Q

What are the functions of the placenta?

A

Facilitating blood flow
Gas exchange
Waste elimination
Barrier to infection

34
Q

When is the placenta formed?

A

Once the blastocyst makes contact with the uterine wall

35
Q

What is a common cause of post-partum haemorrhage?

A

Placental fragments remaining in the uterus

36
Q

Which hormone increases cardiac output?

A

Oestrogen

-increases stroke volume

37
Q

How may Pre-eclampsia be defined?

A

A new onset of hypertension (high BP) in pregnancy

Exam 3 A&P (4 decks)

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