Endocrine Flashcards

1
Q

Name the endocrine glands/organs

A

Pineal gland
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Thyroid
Adrenal glands
Pancreas
Ovaries/ Testes

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2
Q

Which hormone reduces blood sugar?

A

Insulin

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3
Q

Which hormone increases blood sugar

A

Glucagon

“Glucose-is-gone”

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4
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce insulin?

A

Beta cells

(Within islets of langerhans)

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5
Q

Which pancreatic cells produce glucagon?

A

Alpha cells

(Within islets of langerhans)

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6
Q

How does insulin lower blood-glucose levels?

A

Interacts with cell membranes to open glut-4 channels, increasing cellular uptake of glucose

Inhibits gluconeogenesis

Increases glycolysis

Glucose storage as fat

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7
Q

What is the role of the endocrine system?

A

Maintain homeostasis
Control storage and utilisation of energy
Regulation of growth, development and reproduction
Respond to environmental stimuli

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8
Q

What are hormones?

A

Chemical messengers secreted into the blood. They act only where there is a receptor

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9
Q

What can hormones do?

A

Change membrane permeability or membrane potential

Activate or inhibit enzymes

Stimulate or inhibit mitosis

Stimulate or inhibit secretion

Turn on/off gene transcription

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10
Q

What two gonadotropin hormones are produced by the anterior pituitary

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

Luteinising Hormone (LH)

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11
Q

Name a hormone produced by the thyroid

A

Thyroxin

Triiodothyronine

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12
Q

Describe the role of the thyroid in calcium homeostasis

A

Rising Ca2+ triggers the thyroid to release calcitonin, this stimulates calcium to deposit in bone.

Falling Ca2+ detected, parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone (PTH). PTH stimulates osteoclasts to degrade bone, increasing blood Ca2+

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13
Q

What is produced in the adrenal glands?

A

Aldosterone (by zona glomerulosa)

Corticosteroids (by zona fasciculata)

Adrenaline and noradrenaline (by adrenal medulla)

Androgens

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14
Q

Name two opposing pituitary disorders

A

Gigantism (hypersecretion of GH)

Dwarfism (hyposecretion of GH)

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15
Q

What is Cushings Syndrome?

A

Excess free cortisol production

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16
Q

Symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome

A

Abnormal fat deposits- “buffalo hump”, moon face, female balding, hypertension, hyperglycaemia, etc

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17
Q

What is addisons disease?

A

Destruction of the zona glomerulosa and zona fasiculata of the adrenal glands causing low output of aldosterone and cortisol

18
Q

Symptoms of addisons

A

Hyperpigmentation, hypotension, weakness, nausea, vomiting

Adrenal crisis- fever, syncope, hypoglycaemia, hyponatraemia, hyperkalaemia, severe D&V

19
Q

Classic symptoms of diabetes

A

Polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia

20
Q

Differences between type and type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1- autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
5-10% of cases

Type 2- insulin resistance.
90-95% of cases

21
Q

Blood glucose ranges?

Healthy/ prediabetic/ diabetic

A

Healthy: 4 - 5.9mmol/L

Pre: 6 - 6.9mmol/L

Diabetic: > 6.9mmol/L

22
Q

What disease can cause Addisons?

A

TB

23
Q

What gland produces melatonin?

A

Pineal gland

24
Q

What gland is located just superiority to the kidneys?

A

Adrenal Gland

(Ad= above, Renal= kidneys)

25
Q

Are testosterone receptors within the cell or on the membrane?

A

Within the cell

26
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland

A

Thyroid

27
Q

What are the catecholamines?

A

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

28
Q

Where are the catecholamines produced

A

Adrenal glands

29
Q

Is the endocrine system responsible for slow changes or fast responses?

A

The endocrine system uses hormones secreted into the blood stream so its effect is slow

30
Q

Where is testosterone produced?

A

Testes

31
Q

Explain the mechanism for insulin release

A

High glucose causes increase ATP production in pancreatic B cells.
ATP gated Na channels open and partially depolarise the cell membrane.
This opens Ca channels, which allow the extravasation of insulin

32
Q

What’s the main differences between DKA and HHS

A

DKA- usually affects pt’s with type 1 DM, and is a build up of ketones

HHS- usually affects type 2 DM, osmolality issue due to insulin resistance

33
Q

Where is progesterone normally produced?

A

Adrenal glands and gonads

34
Q

Where is progesterone produced in weeks 0-10 of pregnancy?

A

Corpus luteum of ovaries

35
Q

What may cause cushings disease?

A

Pituitary gland tumour secreting excess Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

36
Q

Key difference between endocrine and exocrine glands?

A

Endocrine- secretes hormones directly into the bloodstream

Exocrine- secretes through ducts, like bile duct

37
Q

Which of these hormones have receptors on the cell membrane:

Progesterone. Testosterone. Oestrogen. Insulin. Cortisol. Thyroxin.

A

Insulin.

(Insulin can’t go in)

The rest are all lipid soluble so can pass through the membrane.

38
Q

What is gluconeogenesis?

A

The production of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources.

(Stimulated by glucagon in response to low BM)

39
Q

What is glycogenesis and which hormone increase it?

A

The formation of glycogen from glucose to be stored in muscle cells.

Insulin stimulates this action in response to high BM

40
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

The breakdown of glucose for use in ATP production.

Increased by insulin

41
Q

Which lobular endocrine glands sit superiorly to the hypothalamus?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary glands

42
Q

Name two posterior pituitary hormones

A

Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)

Oxytocin