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Exam 3 A&P > Neurology > Flashcards

Neurology Flashcards

1
Q

Non neuronal cells

A

Ependymal cells - produce CSF
Oligodendrocytes - support axons, provide myelin in CNS
Astrocytes - control neurotransmitter, ions, metabolites
Microglia- immune cells
Satellite cells - surround and support neurons

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2
Q

Correct order of meninges (outer to inner)

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater

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3
Q

Types of stroke

A

TIA
Ischaemic
Haemorrhagic

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4
Q

Symptoms of raised ICP

A

Cushings triad
Vomiting
Nausea
Dizziness
ALOC
Seizures
“Battle sign”

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5
Q

Branches of the Peripheral nervous system

A

ANS- parasympathetic and sympathetic

SNS

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6
Q

Symptoms of Parkinson’s

A

Balance issues
Tremors
Slow movements

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7
Q

Types of cerebral palsy

A

Monoplegia- one limb

Diplegia- symmetrical- both arms or both legs

Hemiplegia- one side

Quadriplegia- all limbs

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8
Q

Lobes of the brain and main functions

A

Frontal- personality, decision, movement, smell recognition

Parietal- identification, spacial reasoning, wernickes area- language

Occipital- vision

Temporal- short term memory, speech

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9
Q

Structures of forebrain

A

Cerebrum

Limbic system

Thalamus & hypothalamus

Pineal gland

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10
Q

Structures of the Hindrain

A

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Cerebellum

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11
Q

Structures of the midbrain

A

Colliculi & inf. colliculi

Tegmentum

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12
Q

What ion channel opens at the axon terminal to allow release of neurotransmitters

A

Calcium

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13
Q

Where the neuron and muscle meets is called…

A

Neuromuscular junction

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14
Q

Three signs in cushings triad

A

Increase BP (widening pulse pressure)

Decrease pulse, decrease resp

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15
Q

Where is melatonin produced

A

Pineal gland

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16
Q

What would you expect in a person who suffered a spinal injury at L6

A

Paralysis below waist

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17
Q

What is an ischaemic stroke

A

A clot that blocks blood flow to an area of the brain

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18
Q

What is the corpus callosum

A

Bundle of nerves that allows the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate

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19
Q

Describe effects of the Parasympathetic nervous system

A

“Rest and Digest”

Constrict pupils
Stimulate saliva
Constrict Bronchi
Slow HR
Stimulate peristalsis
Stimulate bile release

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20
Q

Effects of sympathetic NS

A

Dilates pupils
Inhibit saliva
Bronchodilator
Increase HR
Reduce peristalsis
Stimulate glucose release
Adrenaline + noradrenaline

21
Q

Name the different types of neurons

A

Unipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar
Multipolar

22
Q

How is a nerve impulse passed along a neuron

A
  1. Stimulus causes depolarisation to threshold value
  2. Na+ channels open, rapid influx making internal environment positive
  3. Depolarisation
  4. Na+ channels close, k+ channels open, k+ moves out of cell slowly making it more negative
  5. Repolarisation
23
Q

Common neurotransmitters

A

Adrenaline/ noradrenaline (catecholamines)
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
Actelycholine
Glutamine
Endorphins

24
Q

Spinal injuries

A

C4- quadriplegia, complete para below neck

C6- hands and arms, lower body

T6- paraplegia. Below chest para

L1- paraplegia, below waist

25
Q

Signs of meningitis

A

Non-blanching rash
Fever
Photophobia
Headache
Neck stiffness
Aches and pains
Vomiting & nausea

26
Q

Explain MS

A

Inflammatory response due to lesions, myelin sheath of brain and spinal cord damaged. Lack of conductivity. Myelin sheath replaced by plaques

27
Q

Causes of headaches

A

Inflammation
Muscle contraction
Traction
Vascular

28
Q

Types of headaches

A

Temporomandibular Joint
Sinusitis
Cluster
Tension
Migraine
Cervicogenic
Medication overuse

29
Q

Explain temporal arteritis and it’s main symptoms

A

Inflammation of the temporal artery

Frequent severe headaches
Pain and tenderness around temples
Jaw pain
Vision disturbances

30
Q

What is another name for the cell body of a neuron

A

Cell Soma

31
Q

What’s an Axon?

A

The long extension of a neuron

32
Q

What are the small wiggly extension from a neuron called?

A

Dendrites

33
Q

Components of a reflex arc

A

Receptor
Afferent/ sensory neuron
Interneuron
Efferent/motor neuron
Effector

34
Q

Where is Broca’s area of the brain

A

Frontal lobe

35
Q

What does the limbic system do?

A

Regulates expression of emotional and emotional memory

36
Q

What is Wernickes area responsible for?

A

Comprehension of language and production of speech

37
Q

Which of the following is NOT a component of the brainstem?

Cerebrum. Pons. Medulla. Midnbrian

A

Cerebrum

38
Q

Between which two meninges would you get a sub-arachnoid bleed?

A

Arachnoid and pia mater

39
Q

Are the following symptoms associated with cushings TRIAD or cushings SYNDROME:

Increase BP, decrease pulse, decrease resp

A

Cushings TRIAD

40
Q

Causes of traumatic brain injury (TBI)

A

Impact to skull

Penetration of skull (i.e GSW)

Rapid acceleration/deceleration

41
Q

What is rLOC?

A

Reduced levels of consciousness

42
Q

Name a potential fatal complication in the first 10 mins of impact to the brain?

A

Impact brain apnoea

Due to force to the brain stem

43
Q

What is a palsy?

A

Type of paralysis which often accompanies loss of sensation and uncontrolled movements

44
Q

What would happen to a patient with injury to the spine at T6?

A

Paraplegia,

Paralysis below the chest

45
Q

Signs of neurogenic shock?

(Organ tissue hypoperfusion due to spinal injury)

A

Sudden hypotension
Bradycardia
Warm flushed skin
Priaprism🍆⬆️💪🏽💪🏽
Organ dysfunction
Respiratory arrest

46
Q

Name four types of seizure

A

Tonic-clonic
Ascent
Myoclonic
Tonic/atonic

Simple partial
Complex partial

47
Q

What is a seizure?

A

Sudden uncontrolled discharge of neurons producing change in brain function

48
Q

Am I right?

A

Shut up Kash

49
Q

How do magic mushrooms (psilocybin) work?

(Not relevant for the test I just think it’s cool)

A

Basically flood your brains serotonin receptors, and can possibly reconnect areas of the brain so it has potential uses in therapy

Exam 3 A&P (4 decks)

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