Neurology Flashcards
Non neuronal cells
Ependymal cells - produce CSF
Oligodendrocytes - support axons, provide myelin in CNS
Astrocytes - control neurotransmitter, ions, metabolites
Microglia- immune cells
Satellite cells - surround and support neurons
Correct order of meninges (outer to inner)
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia Mater
Types of stroke
TIA
Ischaemic
Haemorrhagic
Symptoms of raised ICP
Cushings triad
Vomiting
Nausea
Dizziness
ALOC
Seizures
“Battle sign”
Branches of the Peripheral nervous system
ANS- parasympathetic and sympathetic
SNS
Symptoms of Parkinson’s
Balance issues
Tremors
Slow movements
Types of cerebral palsy
Monoplegia- one limb
Diplegia- symmetrical- both arms or both legs
Hemiplegia- one side
Quadriplegia- all limbs
Lobes of the brain and main functions
Frontal- personality, decision, movement, smell recognition
Parietal- identification, spacial reasoning, wernickes area- language
Occipital- vision
Temporal- short term memory, speech
Structures of forebrain
Cerebrum
Limbic system
Thalamus & hypothalamus
Pineal gland
Structures of the Hindrain
Pons
Medulla oblongata
Cerebellum
Structures of the midbrain
Colliculi & inf. colliculi
Tegmentum
What ion channel opens at the axon terminal to allow release of neurotransmitters
Calcium
Where the neuron and muscle meets is called…
Neuromuscular junction
Three signs in cushings triad
Increase BP (widening pulse pressure)
Decrease pulse, decrease resp
Where is melatonin produced
Pineal gland
What would you expect in a person who suffered a spinal injury at L6
Paralysis below waist
What is an ischaemic stroke
A clot that blocks blood flow to an area of the brain
What is the corpus callosum
Bundle of nerves that allows the two hemispheres of the brain to communicate
Describe effects of the Parasympathetic nervous system
“Rest and Digest”
Constrict pupils
Stimulate saliva
Constrict Bronchi
Slow HR
Stimulate peristalsis
Stimulate bile release
Effects of sympathetic NS
Dilates pupils
Inhibit saliva
Bronchodilator
Increase HR
Reduce peristalsis
Stimulate glucose release
Adrenaline + noradrenaline
Name the different types of neurons
Unipolar
Bipolar
Pseudounipolar
Multipolar
How is a nerve impulse passed along a neuron
- Stimulus causes depolarisation to threshold value
- Na+ channels open, rapid influx making internal environment positive
- Depolarisation
- Na+ channels close, k+ channels open, k+ moves out of cell slowly making it more negative
- Repolarisation
Common neurotransmitters
Adrenaline/ noradrenaline (catecholamines)
Dopamine
Serotonin
GABA
Actelycholine
Glutamine
Endorphins
Spinal injuries
C4- quadriplegia, complete para below neck
C6- hands and arms, lower body
T6- paraplegia. Below chest para
L1- paraplegia, below waist
Signs of meningitis
Non-blanching rash
Fever
Photophobia
Headache
Neck stiffness
Aches and pains
Vomiting & nausea
Explain MS
Inflammatory response due to lesions, myelin sheath of brain and spinal cord damaged. Lack of conductivity. Myelin sheath replaced by plaques
Causes of headaches
Inflammation
Muscle contraction
Traction
Vascular
Types of headaches
Temporomandibular Joint
Sinusitis
Cluster
Tension
Migraine
Cervicogenic
Medication overuse
Explain temporal arteritis and it’s main symptoms
Inflammation of the temporal artery
Frequent severe headaches
Pain and tenderness around temples
Jaw pain
Vision disturbances
What is another name for the cell body of a neuron
Cell Soma
What’s an Axon?
The long extension of a neuron
What are the small wiggly extension from a neuron called?
Dendrites
Components of a reflex arc
Receptor
Afferent/ sensory neuron
Interneuron
Efferent/motor neuron
Effector
Where is Broca’s area of the brain
Frontal lobe
What does the limbic system do?
Regulates expression of emotional and emotional memory
What is Wernickes area responsible for?
Comprehension of language and production of speech
Which of the following is NOT a component of the brainstem?
Cerebrum. Pons. Medulla. Midnbrian
Cerebrum
Between which two meninges would you get a sub-arachnoid bleed?
Arachnoid and pia mater
Are the following symptoms associated with cushings TRIAD or cushings SYNDROME:
Increase BP, decrease pulse, decrease resp
Cushings TRIAD
Causes of traumatic brain injury (TBI)
Impact to skull
Penetration of skull (i.e GSW)
Rapid acceleration/deceleration
What is rLOC?
Reduced levels of consciousness
Name a potential fatal complication in the first 10 mins of impact to the brain?
Impact brain apnoea
Due to force to the brain stem
What is a palsy?
Type of paralysis which often accompanies loss of sensation and uncontrolled movements
What would happen to a patient with injury to the spine at T6?
Paraplegia,
Paralysis below the chest
Signs of neurogenic shock?
(Organ tissue hypoperfusion due to spinal injury)
Sudden hypotension
Bradycardia
Warm flushed skin
Priaprism🍆⬆️💪🏽💪🏽
Organ dysfunction
Respiratory arrest
Name four types of seizure
Tonic-clonic
Ascent
Myoclonic
Tonic/atonic
Simple partial
Complex partial
What is a seizure?
Sudden uncontrolled discharge of neurons producing change in brain function
Am I right?
Shut up Kash
How do magic mushrooms (psilocybin) work?
(Not relevant for the test I just think it’s cool)
Basically flood your brains serotonin receptors, and can possibly reconnect areas of the brain so it has potential uses in therapy
