MSK Flashcards by Dan watson

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

Support
Protection
Enable movement
Store minerals and lipids
Produce blood cells

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What does the axial skeleton consist of?

Skull (and ossicles), hyoid, vertebral column, rib cage

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Names and number of vertebrae

Cervical- 7
Thoracic-12
Lumbar- 5
Sacrum-5
Coccyx-4

“Chris Tarrant Loves Sucking Cock”

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Name the 5 types of bones and give an example of each

Long- femur
Short- carpal
Flat- scapula
Irregular- vertebrae
Sesamoid- patella

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What is bone made of?

Calcium
Collagen

(Plus osteocytes)

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Which of the following builds new bone:

Osteoclast. Osteoblast. Osteocyte

Osteoblast

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What vitamin is important for bone health?

Vitamin D

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What hormones affect bone density?

Oestrogen and Parathyroid Hormone

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What is the role of the muscular system

Movement
Facial movement
Maintain posture
Produce heat
Internal movement
Cardiac contraction

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Three types of muscle

Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal

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What is the name of a functional unit of a muscle

Sarcomere

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What attaches a muscle to a bone?

Tendon

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Describe flexion

Decrease in the joint angle

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Describe extension

Increase in joint angle

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Describe abduction
(Not maddie)

Movement away from the midline

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What kind of joint is in the skull

Fibrous
-joined by connective tissue usually with no movement

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Name four types of joint

Synovial
Hinge
Ball and socket
Saddle
Condylar
420

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Most common type of fracture in elderly falls patients

Neck of femur

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Why is an old lady likely to have osteoporosis

Reduced oestrogen
Reduced vitamin D
Less mechanical loading
Worse nutrition

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What effect does oestrogen have on osteoclasts

Inhibits

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What affect on bone does hyperparathyroidism have?

Reduced bone density due to PTH stimulating osteoclast activity

Name 7 types of fracture
(Open or closed)

Comminuted
Oblique
Impacted
Spiral
Crush
Transverse
Avulsion

5 stages of fracture healing

Haematoma formation
Cellular proliferation
Callus formation (soft)
Callus formation (hard)
Remodelling

Complications of fractures

Hypovolaemia
Acute compartment syndrome
Fat embolism
Acute lung injury
DVT
Infection

What is a sprain

Stretch or torn ligament

What’s the preferred diagnosis: “A 24yo man lands awkwardly on one leg while jumping during football. He heard a pop as he lands”

ACL

What is Osteoarthritis

Loss of cartilage causing pain and inflammation

What is Septic Arthritis

Infection of synovial fluid and joint tissue

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

Autoimmune disease affecting multiple joints- Chronic inflammation, hyperplasia of synovium, and increased osteoclast activity

What is Gout

Build of Uric acid (urate) in the blood, sudden impact causes them to crystallise, causing pain and inflammation. Typically in big toe but can affect many joints

Name the condition: Long term inflammation of the spine causing back pain, stiffness and extreme tiredness. Spinal bones can fuse

Ankylosing spondylitis

Name the interconnected layers of connective tissue that surround each unit of muscle

Epimysium, Perimysium, endomysium

What is the thick filament within a muscle fibre

Myosin

What are the thin filaments within a muscle fibre

Actin

What is the name of the theory of the way muscles contract at a sub-cellular level?

Sliding filament theory

Give an example of a long bong

Femur

What’s your favourite bone

Eeehhh mind out the gutter you. The best bone is the fabella

Which is the only bone in the human body not connected to another bone?

Hyoid bone

What is the origin of a muscle?

The site of attachment that does not move (Think medial bicep attachment to the head of the humerus)

What’s this insertion point of a muscle?

Attachment site that moves during muscle contraction (Think the distal bicep that attaches to the radius and ulna)

What’s a fibrous joint?

Connection of two bones joined by connective tissue, usually with no movement- bones of the skull, teeth

What type of joint is the knee?

Synovial

Name a ball and socket joint

Shoulder Hip (Think areas with rotational ability)

Give an example of a hinge joint

Elbow (The knee may seem similar but remember its synovial)

When performing a bicep curl, which muscles are the agonist, and which are antagonist?

Agonist: biceps Antagonist: tricep

“A 73yo lady falls in the street, she lands in her side and has instant pain in the hip” What is the likely diagnosis?

Neck of femur fracture

Who is likely to suffer from osteoporosis more, men or women? Why?

Women- due to reducing oestrogen activity

What are some causes of fractures?

Direct force Indirect force Stress fracture Muscular pull Pathological bone defect

What movement does the ACL resist?

Anterior movement and internal rotation of the tibia

**True or false:** Rheumatoid arthritis may affect multiple joints?

True!

What differential diagnosis must be ruled out in osteoarthritis?

Septic arthritis- may lead to sepsis

Name three types of motor neuron disease?

Duchenes: most common. Affects children. Life expectancy: 20/30y Bekers: similar to duchenes but no reduced life expectancy Myotonic: more common in adults