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Exam 3 A&P > MSK > Flashcards

MSK Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the skeletal system?

A

Support
Protection
Enable movement
Store minerals and lipids
Produce blood cells

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2
Q

What does the axial skeleton consist of?

A

Skull (and ossicles), hyoid, vertebral column, rib cage

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3
Q

Names and number of vertebrae

A

Cervical- 7
Thoracic-12
Lumbar- 5
Sacrum-5
Coccyx-4

“Chris Tarrant Loves Sucking Cock”

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4
Q

Name the 5 types of bones and give an example of each

A

Long- femur
Short- carpal
Flat- scapula
Irregular- vertebrae
Sesamoid- patella

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5
Q

What is bone made of?

A

Calcium
Collagen

(Plus osteocytes)

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6
Q

Which of the following builds new bone:

Osteoclast. Osteoblast. Osteocyte

A

Osteoblast

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7
Q

What vitamin is important for bone health?

A

Vitamin D

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8
Q

What hormones affect bone density?

A

Oestrogen and Parathyroid Hormone

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9
Q

What is the role of the muscular system

A

Movement
Facial movement
Maintain posture
Produce heat
Internal movement
Cardiac contraction

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10
Q

Three types of muscle

A

Cardiac

Smooth

Skeletal

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11
Q

What is the name of a functional unit of a muscle

A

Sarcomere

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12
Q

What attaches a muscle to a bone?

A

Tendon

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13
Q

Describe flexion

A

Decrease in the joint angle

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14
Q

Describe extension

A

Increase in joint angle

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15
Q

Describe abduction
(Not maddie)

A

Movement away from the midline

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16
Q

What kind of joint is in the skull

A

Fibrous
-joined by connective tissue usually with no movement

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17
Q

Name four types of joint

A

Synovial
Hinge
Ball and socket
Saddle
Condylar
420

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18
Q

Most common type of fracture in elderly falls patients

A

Neck of femur

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19
Q

Why is an old lady likely to have osteoporosis

A

Reduced oestrogen
Reduced vitamin D
Less mechanical loading
Worse nutrition

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20
Q

What effect does oestrogen have on osteoclasts

A

Inhibits

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21
Q

What affect on bone does hyperparathyroidism have?

A

Reduced bone density due to PTH stimulating osteoclast activity

22
Q

Name 7 types of fracture
(Open or closed)

A

Comminuted
Oblique
Impacted
Spiral
Crush
Transverse
Avulsion

23
Q

5 stages of fracture healing

A

Haematoma formation
Cellular proliferation
Callus formation (soft)
Callus formation (hard)
Remodelling

24
Q

Complications of fractures

A

Hypovolaemia
Acute compartment syndrome
Fat embolism
Acute lung injury
DVT
Infection

25
Q

What is a sprain

A

Stretch or torn ligament

26
Q

What’s the preferred diagnosis:

“A 24yo man lands awkwardly on one leg while jumping during football. He heard a pop as he lands”

A

ACL

27
Q

What is Osteoarthritis

A

Loss of cartilage causing pain and inflammation

28
Q

What is Septic Arthritis

A

Infection of synovial fluid and joint tissue

29
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Autoimmune disease affecting multiple joints-

Chronic inflammation, hyperplasia of synovium, and increased osteoclast activity

30
Q

What is Gout

A

Build of Uric acid (urate) in the blood, sudden impact causes them to crystallise, causing pain and inflammation. Typically in big toe but can affect many joints

31
Q

Name the condition:
Long term inflammation of the spine causing back pain, stiffness and extreme tiredness. Spinal bones can fuse

A

Ankylosing spondylitis

32
Q

Name the interconnected layers of connective tissue that surround each unit of muscle

A

Epimysium, Perimysium, endomysium

33
Q

What is the thick filament within a muscle fibre

A

Myosin

34
Q

What are the thin filaments within a muscle fibre

A

Actin

35
Q

What is the name of the theory of the way muscles contract at a sub-cellular level?

A

Sliding filament theory

36
Q

Give an example of a long bong

A

Femur

37
Q

What’s your favourite bone

A

Eeehhh mind out the gutter you.

The best bone is the fabella

38
Q

Which is the only bone in the human body not connected to another bone?

A

Hyoid bone

39
Q

What is the origin of a muscle?

A

The site of attachment that does not move

(Think medial bicep attachment to the head of the humerus)

40
Q

What’s this insertion point of a muscle?

A

Attachment site that moves during muscle contraction

(Think the distal bicep that attaches to the radius and ulna)

41
Q

What’s a fibrous joint?

A

Connection of two bones joined by connective tissue, usually with no movement- bones of the skull, teeth

42
Q

What type of joint is the knee?

A

Synovial

43
Q

Name a ball and socket joint

A

Shoulder

Hip

(Think areas with rotational ability)

44
Q

Give an example of a hinge joint

A

Elbow

(The knee may seem similar but remember its synovial)

45
Q

When performing a bicep curl, which muscles are the agonist, and which are antagonist?

A

Agonist: biceps

Antagonist: tricep

46
Q

“A 73yo lady falls in the street, she lands in her side and has instant pain in the hip”

What is the likely diagnosis?

A

Neck of femur fracture

47
Q

Who is likely to suffer from osteoporosis more, men or women?

Why?

A

Women- due to reducing oestrogen activity

48
Q

What are some causes of fractures?

A

Direct force
Indirect force
Stress fracture
Muscular pull
Pathological bone defect

49
Q

What movement does the ACL resist?

A

Anterior movement and internal rotation of the tibia

50
Q

True or false:

Rheumatoid arthritis may affect multiple joints?

A

True!

51
Q

What differential diagnosis must be ruled out in osteoarthritis?

A

Septic arthritis- may lead to sepsis

52
Q

Name three types of motor neuron disease?

A

Duchenes: most common. Affects children. Life expectancy: 20/30y

Bekers: similar to duchenes but no reduced life expectancy

Myotonic: more common in adults

Exam 3 A&P (4 decks)

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