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General Ecology > Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory > Flashcards

Predation, Parasitism, and Herbivory Flashcards

1
Q

What are positive/negative or “exploitative” interactions?

A

benefit one species, cost to another

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2
Q

Effect of competition?

A

negative on both species

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3
Q

Effect of amensalism?

A

negative on one species and neutral to another

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4
Q

What is effect of exploitation?

A

positive to one species and negative to another

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5
Q

What is effect of commensalism?

A

positive to one species and neutral to another

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6
Q

What is effect of mutualism?

A

positive to both species

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7
Q

What is effect of neutral interaction?

A

neutral to both species

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8
Q

What are the types of parasite transmission routes?

A

Passive, active, and direct host-to-host

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9
Q

What is passive parasite transmission?

A

accidental ingestion of parasite

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10
Q

What is active transmission of parasite?

A

the infective stage of the parasite actively pursues the host and infects i

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11
Q

What is endoparasitism?

A

parasites inside body that can act as pathogens

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12
Q

What is ecoparasitism?

A

parasites on outside of body

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13
Q

What are parasitoids?

A

lay eggs inside host

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14
Q

What are hyperparasitioids?

A

parasites of parasitoids

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15
Q

How does parasite load affect things?

A

higher levels of parasites can negatively affect growth, survival, and reproduction

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16
Q

How do parasites affect behavior?

A

parasitism can change the behavior of hosts, making completion of the
parasite life cycle more likely

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17
Q

What are the types of herbivory?

A
  • grazers
  • browsers
  • granivores
  • frugivores
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18
Q

What are grazers?

A

primarily eat foliage of grasses, herbs, and other soft bodied plants.

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19
Q

What are browsers

A

primarily eat leaves, bark, and stems of woody plants

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20
Q

What are granivores?

A

eat seeds

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21
Q

What are frugivores?

A

eat fruit

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22
Q

When does a herbivore effectively act as a predator?

A

when kills whole plant

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23
Q

What do herbivores have to help digest plants?

A

mutualistic symbiotes

24
Q

What are plant defenses?

A
  • chemical
  • physical
  • nutritional
  • tolerance
25
Q

What is a chemical plant defense?

A

noxious or poisonous

26
Q

What is a physical plant defense?

A

deterrent

27
Q

What is a nutritional plant defense?

A

imbalance precludes exclusive use in diet

28
Q

What is a tolerance plant defense?

A

capability of withstanding loss of parts

29
Q

How do herbivores impact plant communities?

A
  • by feeding upon the most common, fastest growing species in a community, herbivores may prevent those species from outcompeting or eliminating others.
  • increase diversity
30
Q

How do invasive herbivores affect community?

A

ay be less discriminant in feeding in comparison with native herbivores. So, invasive pests can decrease species diversity

31
Q

What are methods predators use?

A
  • stalking
  • pursuing
  • ambushing
  • random encounter
32
Q

What are animal defenses?

A
  • chemical
  • physical
  • aposematic coloration
  • crypsis
  • mimicry
  • behavioral
33
Q

What is aposematic coloration?

A

warning of (potential) toxicity

34
Q

What is crypsis?

A

blending into environment

35
Q

What do the Lotka-Volterra equations always predict?

A

linked cycles

36
Q

What does the Lotka-Volterra equations predict linked cycles?

A

because the mathematics is deterministic

37
Q

What does it mean that Lotka-Volterra is deterministic?

A

prey numbers depend only upon predator numbers and vice versa

38
Q

What does the stochastic model assume?

A

random predator-prey encounters

39
Q

What can result is stochastic models and why?

A

high predation efficiency coupled with high prey growth rates can
cause extinction if the predator populations grow high enough to eliminate all prey

40
Q

What can be modeled using Lotka-Volterra equations?

A
  • density-dependence
  • prey refuges
  • metapopulations
41
Q

What are functional responses?

A

behavioral changes in predator behavior in response to variation in prey numbers.

42
Q

What is handling time?

A

the time predators spend eating prey after they are captured.

43
Q

What are the types of functional responses?

A

Type I, II, and III

44
Q

What is Type I functional response?

A
  • capture rate changes linearly with prey density (up to a maximum consumption rate
  • Low handling times
  • Lynx and hare
45
Q

What is Type II functional response?

A
  • capture rate starts out as linear, but then slowly drops off as prey density is increased (most common type in nature)
  • Intermediate handling times.
  • Spider and insects.
46
Q

What is Type III functional response?

A
  • very low capture rate at low prey density, linear at intermediate prey density, and low again once threshold is neared
  • High handling times
  • Seals and salmon
47
Q

What can Type III functional responses be due to?

A

the need to develop search images for prey, prey-switching (moving to
alternative food sources), and the use of prey refuges when prey are in low numbers

48
Q

What are generalist predators?

A

can use many different prey species

49
Q

What are specialist predators?

A

very limited range of prey species

50
Q

What is biocontrol?

A
  • using predators to control pests.
  • Short handling times and low search efficiencies can help keep pest low and prevent outbreaks, but also sustain the predator populations
51
Q

What can functional responses be affected by?

A

environmental conditions

52
Q

What is evolutionary arms race?

A
  • coevolution of traits in predators and prey
  • Each partner exerts natural selection pressure on the other
53
Q

What is diffuse coevolution?

A

guilds of organisms interact

54
Q

What is specific coevolution?

A

one on one interactions.

55
Q

What may result from specific coevolution?

A

Reciprocal selection

56
Q

What does mutation rate affect?

A

affects each partner’s ability to respond evolutionarily to the other.

57
Q

What is the Red Queen Hypothesis?

A
  • sexual reproduction (recombination) and mutation are
    necessary to ensure that hosts (or prey, etc.) stay just “ahead” of the parasites (or predators, etc.), so
    that both do not go extinct.
  • Both partners continually adapt to one another (“run in place”)

General Ecology (16 decks)

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