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General Ecology > Physiological Ecology > Flashcards

Physiological Ecology Flashcards

1
Q

What is physiology?

A
  • the study of organismal form and function
  • how organisms obtain energy and nutrients, transport substances, and eliminate waste
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2
Q

What is physiological ecology?

A

the study of physiology and it related to species’ resources and their natural environmental (habitat) conditions

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3
Q

What are species distribution patterns?

A

similar physiological types are found in widespread locations that are similar in environmental conditions

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4
Q

Areas physically close to one another can vary in ______, and as a result will differ greatly in _____

A

environmental conditions; types of species found there

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5
Q

What are two key factors that determine the types of species found in terrestrial habitats?

A

temperature and moisture

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6
Q

There are no habitats that are

A

both extremely wet and cold

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7
Q

For every 10 degree increase in temeprature,

A

plants require an additional 20 nm/month in precipitation to stay healthy

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8
Q

What must plants have temperature and moisture within?

A

range of physiological tolerances

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9
Q

What does changing temperature and precipitation affect?

A

transpiration and evaportation

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10
Q

Where does transpiration occur?

A

through plant stomata

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11
Q

Where does evaporation occur?

A

from surfaces

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12
Q

What happens if precipitation exceeds evapotranspiration?

A

water leaves the ecosystem via runoff (or leaching)

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13
Q

AET is _____ to PET

A

equal or less than

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14
Q

When precipitation > PET

A

AET = PEt

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15
Q

When precipitation < PET

A

AET = precipitation

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16
Q

What do climate diagrams plot?

A

seasonal patterns by plotting precipitation and PET on the same graph

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17
Q

What is dessication?

A

drying out

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18
Q

If a plant cannot tolerate even brief desiccation, where is it limited to

A

areas where precipitation > PET

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19
Q

What is temperature and precipitation plotted in for climate diagram?

A

water units (mm/mo)

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20
Q

When is there sufficient water available to plants and AET = PET?

A

as long as precipitation > PET

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21
Q

Species tolerance to environmental conditions help determine their

A

geographical range

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22
Q

What is the Law of Minimum?

A

species are limited by the nutrient (or environmental condition) that is the lowest amount relative to its size

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23
Q

How can species ranges change?

A

in accordance to changes in geographical patterns of environmental conditions

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24
Q

What is acclimation?

A

physiological or physical changes within an organism in response to changes in environmental conditions

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25
Q

Is acclimation inheritable?

A

epigenetic changes may be passed to offspring, but otherwise not really

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26
Q

What is adaptation?

A

evolutionary changes in a population or species in response to changes in environmental conditions

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27
Q

What does AChE do in trout?

A

helps breakdown acetylcholine, allowing normal nerve functioning

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28
Q

Why does AChE preferred temp vary between cold and warm water trout?

A
  • adaptation - genetic differences
  • acclimation, production of heat shock proteins
29
Q

How are dams managed?

A

depending upon which species are being managed, dam operators can select deep cold water or warm surface water and mix them to achieve desired temperature range in summer and winter

30
Q

What is irreversible acclimation?

A

sometimes changes within an individual cannot be easily reversed, which acts as a limit to acclimation

31
Q

What is homeostasis necessary for?

A

life

32
Q

So small or large organisms have larger SA:V ratio

A

small

33
Q

Do small or large animals have more difficulty losing heat?

A

large

34
Q

To maintain homeostasis,

A

organisms need to keep their net heat flux at or near zero

35
Q

What is a poikilotherm?

A

an ectotherm, body temp changed by environmental conditions

36
Q

What are adaptations for controlling internal temperature?

A

behaviors, coat color, appendage size and shape, body size, variation in body fat, insulating layers, etc.

37
Q

How can plants get rid of excess heat?

A

transpirational cooling

38
Q

how does transpirational cooling work?

A
  • air flow over boundary layer evaporates water and removes heat
  • more heat loss in small, thin or narrow leaves
39
Q

Why is water conservation a challenge for plants?

A

prevention of water vapor loss can inhibit uptake of necessary CO2 and release of excess O2 from photosynthesis

40
Q

Advantages of being a mammal?

A
  • forage at night when cool and other organisms are inactive
  • ideally, internal temp just above typical daily high temperatures are best for homeostasis
41
Q

What do light-dependent reactions generate and release?

A

generate NADPH and ATP, release O2

42
Q

What do light-independent reactions do?

A

use energy and H ions in ATP and NADPH to fix CO2 into sugars.
- first product is a 3-carbon sugar, two of which are joined to make a 6 carbon sugar
- first step by RUBISCO

43
Q

What are light independent reactions called?

A

C3 photosynthesis

44
Q

What is photorespiration?

A

when internal CO2 levels are low and internal O2 levels are high, sugars are broken down and oxidized by RUBISCO

45
Q

When does photorespiration occur?

A

when stomata must be closed to prevent excess water loss

46
Q

What does photorespiration occur in?

A

C3 plants

47
Q

What do C4 plants have?

A

special anatomy and metabolism to prevent photorespiration

48
Q

What happens in C4 photosynthesis?

A
  • initial carbon fixation occurs in mesophyll cells in contact with air pockets
  • C3 product (malate) moved to adjacent bundle sheath cells where RUBISCO makes C6 sugars in low O2 conditions
49
Q

Where do C4 plants grow better?

A

hot, dry, and windy conditions

50
Q

Where do C3 plants do better?

A

cool, moist, and still conditions

51
Q

What is water potential?

A

amount of free energy in water

52
Q

How does water move?

A

from areas of high to low net water potential

53
Q

What is water potential of pure water at sea level?

A

0

54
Q

How does atmospheric water potential vary?

A

varies greatly, but always less than pure water

55
Q

When atmospheric moisture is high

A

water potential is less negative, and evaporation (movement of water to atmosphere) is lower

56
Q

When atmospheric moisture is low

A

water potential is more negative and evaporation is higher

57
Q

What can excessive evaporation do?

A

excessive “pull” can break water columns within plants xylem tubes and stop upwards movement of water

58
Q

What is it called when evaportation breaks water columns and stops upward movement of water?

A

cavitation

59
Q

Soils with lower water potential (more negative) can

A

increase the likelihood of cavitation

60
Q

WHen does cavitation occur?

A

higher moisture levels in atmosphere

61
Q

How can plants control water flow?

A

opening and closing stomata

62
Q

What are xylem tubes?

A

narrow “pipelines” carrying water to the leaves and eventually out the stomata

63
Q

What is a benefit and issue with xylem tubes?

A

narrowness lowers risk of cavitation, but can also slow rate of water movement (necessary for mineral uptake)

64
Q

What is mycorrhizae?

A

specialized root fungi

65
Q

What can mycorrhizae do?

A

can assist plants in both water and mineral uptake

66
Q

How do CAM plants conserve water?

A
  • open stomata at night when atmospheric water potential (?) is higher
  • C3 product produced at night is released and used by RUBISCO to make C6 sugars in daytime
67
Q

What conditions do CAM plants like?

A

desert-like

68
Q

What ratio do heterotrophs do better with?

A

C:N ratio similar to own ody

69
Q

What quality is high C:N food?

A

low

General Ecology (24 decks)

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