Evolution for Ecology

Question 1

What is the concept of trade-offs?

Answer 1

put energy into one thing at expense of another

Question 2

What is evolution?

Answer 2

genetic change in a population over time

Question 3

What are the mechanisms of evolution?

Answer 3

• natural selection
• migration
• mutation
• genetic drift

Question 4

What is natural selection?

Answer 4

differential survival associated with specific genotypes

Question 5

What is genetic drift?

Answer 5

differential survival due to chance or random effects

Question 6

What are necessary requirements for evolution by natural selection?

Answer 6

• variation in traits
  -heritability in traits
• differential survival or reproduction based upon those traits

Question 7

What is phenotype?

Answer 7

outward trait

Question 8

What is genotype?

Answer 8

genes that code for the trait

Question 9

What are alleles?

Answer 9

different forms of the gene that code for a trait

Question 10

What is fitness?

Answer 10

measure of the offspring produced in future generations

Question 11

What is fitness influenced by?

Answer 11

survival and reproduction

Question 12

What are major effect genes?

Answer 12

produce large differences in phenotypes (qualitative variation)

Question 13

What are minor effect genes?

Answer 13

• produce small differences in phenotypes (quantitative variation)
• cam produce variation in phenotypes produced by major effect genes

Question 14

What is adaptation?

Answer 14

genetic change produced specifically by natural selection

Question 15

How long does antibiotic resistance take?

Answer 15

few generation to produce marked resistance

Question 16

What does descent with modification equal?

Answer 16

evolution

Question 17

How and why did pink bollworms evolve?

Answer 17

evolves resistance to Bt toxin because rare genotypes are resistant to Bollgard (GMO) cotton

Question 18

What slows evolution of resistance?

Answer 18

high dose/refuge strategy

Question 19

How did high dose/refuge strategy slow evolution of resistance to Bt toxin in pink bollworms?

Answer 19

non-resistant genotypes have higher fitness on normal cotton

Question 20

What is the trade off of resistance?

Answer 20

growth/reproduction

Question 21

What is local adaptation?

Answer 21

a population change due to natural selection, but the entire species doesn’t change

Question 22

What do you need to show in order for local adaptation to be present?

Answer 22

that individuals have greater fitness in their native environment compared to non-native indivisuals

Question 23

How can showing greater fitness from local adaptation be shown?

Answer 23

reciprocal transplant experiment

Question 24

What does population bottleneck do to population?

Answer 24

drastically decrease it

Question 25

What is genetic drift?

Answer 25

a change in allele frequencies due to chance occurrences, or sampling error

Question 26

What is acclimation?

Answer 26

change in an individual

Question 27

If 2 populations of same species live nearby but separated, what happens if just natural selection acting?

Answer 27

on average the two populations become different, but if there are similar conditions they can become more alike

Question 28

If 2 populations of same species live nearby but separated, what happens if just genetic drift is acting?

Answer 28

populations become more different

Question 29

If 2 populations of same species live nearby but separated, what happens if just migration is acting?

Answer 29

populations become more similar

Question 30

If 2 populations of same species live nearby but separated, what happens if just mutation is acting?

Answer 30

populations become more different

Question 31

How can fitness be measured?

Answer 31

by number of offspring

Question 32

What kind of trait is blight resistance?

Answer 32

polygenetic

Question 33

What is a polygenetic trait?

Answer 33

many genes code for it