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General Ecology > Biogeography > Flashcards

Biogeography Flashcards

1
Q

What does the geological record indicate?

A

5 mass extinction events

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2
Q

What is most recent extinction event?

A

K-Pg event marking end of Cretaceous and beginning of Tertiary period

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3
Q

Despite mass extinction,

A

species diversity has increased over time and extinction rates were generally low

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4
Q

What are modern extinction rates?

A

100-1000x higher than the average rate across the last 1/2 billion years

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5
Q

What is modern extinction mainly attributed to?

A

human activity

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6
Q

What is the latitudinal gradient?

A

species richness higher near equator

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7
Q

What are the biographic regions?

A

-Holarctic
- Holotropical
- Aostral

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8
Q

What is holarctic?

A

neoactic and paleacrtic

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9
Q

What is holotropical?

A

neotropical, afrotropical, oriental, austrotropical

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10
Q

What is aostral?

A

antarctica plus most southernly reaches of South America, Africa, and Australopacific islands

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11
Q

How is biodiversity assessed?

A

by destructive and non-destructive techniques

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12
Q

What is alpha diversity also called?

A

local

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13
Q

What is alpha diverity?

A

number of species in a particular location

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14
Q

How is alpha diversity sampled?

A

locale is sampled until further sampling effort fails to reveal new species

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15
Q

How can alpha diversity be addressed?

A

asymptote can help determine the max sample size needed to find nearly all of the species

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16
Q

What is the target of alpha diversity?

A

sample enough so that 95% of the species are recorded

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17
Q

What is beta diversity?

A

measure of variation in diversity among locales within a region

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18
Q

What is beta diversity related to?

A

species turnover (species differences among locales)

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19
Q

What may be more constrained (beta diversity)

A

species within narrow niches (or with less mobility) compared to species with wider niches (or more mobility)

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20
Q

What does gamma diversity mean?

A

all of the species in the region

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21
Q

What is gamma diversity affected by?

A

primarily by immigration and speciation

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22
Q

What does threatened mean?

A

may not survive without human intervention

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23
Q

What does endangered mean?

A

cannot survive without human intervention

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24
Q

What are the top extinction threats?

A
  • habitat loss
  • direct exploitation
  • invasive species
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25
Q

Why should people care about extinction?

A
  • to protect our “genetic library”
  • to benefit from ecosystem services
  • for esthetic and ethical obligations
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26
Q

What is conservation biology?

A

study of threats to biodiversity, and means to promote its maintenance and to enable restoration

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27
Q

What is the focus of island biogeography?

A

focus is on ecological reasons for variation in species diversity on islands

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28
Q

What are islands?

A

any isolated habitable areas surrounded by relatively inhospitable areas

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29
Q

What does species area curves do?

A

relate island size to the number of species found

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30
Q

What 3 processes interact to determine species number on islands

A

immigration, extinction, and evolution

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31
Q

What does MacArthur and Wilson’s Equilibrium Theory of Island Biogeography focus on?

A

focus on the effect of island size, distance to mainland or species pool, and the number of species already on an island

32
Q

What does island size influence?

A

interactions among species

33
Q

What does island distance to mainland influence?

A

immigration

34
Q

As immigration rate decreases

A

number of species on island increase

35
Q

As extinction rate increases, number of species on island

A

increase

36
Q

As immigration rate increases for closer islands,

A

decreases for increased distance

37
Q

As extinction rate increases for smaller isalnds,

A

decreases for larger islands

38
Q

Smaller, nearer islands have

A

higher species turnover rate due to higher immigration and extinction rates

39
Q

How can predictions of island biogeography theory be made more realistic?

A

incorporating disturbance, succession, and environmental heterogeneity into the models

40
Q

What is dispersal?

A

immigration and emmigration

41
Q

What are patches?

A

good habitat

42
Q

What are corridors?

A

connections with acceptable habitat for migration

43
Q

What are filters?

A

connections that allow only certain species to migrate

44
Q

What are sweepstakes route?

A

connections that only allow migration via rare events

45
Q

What is jump dispersal?

A

rapid migration through corridor (nearly immediate)

46
Q

What is diffuse dispersal?

A

slow migration through corridor (over generations)

47
Q

What is secular migration?

A

dispersal so slow that evolution occurs while it is happening

48
Q

true islands have ____ species numbers and _____ species-area curves. Why?

A
  • lower; steeper
  • immigration rates are higher and extinction rates are lower in mainland settings
49
Q

Large mainland areas also have

A

higher habitat diversity (leading to higher beta diversity)

50
Q

What can happen to local areas within mainland sites where a species goes extinct?

A

may be rescued via migration more easily than on true islands

51
Q

What is SLOSS?

A

single large or several small

52
Q

What does SLOSS capture?

A

beta diveristy

53
Q

What can the use of protected corridors permit?

A

small reserves to maintain sufficient diversity

54
Q

What do plate tectonics do?

A

divergent, convergent, and transformation boundaries reflect changes in movement of plates over geological time

55
Q

What is a vicariance event?

A

sudden breaking apart of populations

56
Q

What is isolation?

A

prevention of breeding between separated populations

57
Q

What is allopatric speciation?

A

genetic changes build in separated populations

58
Q

What is sympatric speciation?

A

speciation occurring without geographic isolation

59
Q

What are examples of sympatric speciation?

A

mutation, hybrid events, disruptive, and sexual selection

60
Q

What has occurred due to the Americas being connected and separated?

A

allopatric speciation

61
Q

What do most south american species descend from?

A

species that walked southward through the land bridge

62
Q

What has human accelerated dispersal led to?

A

numerous invasive species

63
Q

What is regional energy availability theory?

A

more energy available, less wasted keeping warm

64
Q

What is water availability theory?

A

more water sustains more species

65
Q

What is net primary productivity theory?

A

energy captured by plants sustains more species

66
Q

What is habitat diversity theory?

A

different habitats and plants, leads to more animals

67
Q

What does linear regression estimate?

A

the relationship of a dependent (Y, response) variable to an independent (x, predictor) variable

68
Q

What gradient does the regional energy availability hypothesis best explain?

A

mammal diversity gradient

69
Q

What gradient does the net primary productivity hypothesis explain?

A

tree diversity gradient

70
Q

What are biodiversity hotspots?

A

species rich locations with a high proportion of endemic species

71
Q

What does solar radiation affect?

A

equatorial zones have more direct radiation, higher latitudes have more diffuse radiation

72
Q

What does tilt and orbit affect?

A

produce seasonal changes in day length and angle of solar radiation

73
Q

What does atmospheric circulation affect?

A
  • warm, moist air rises at equator disperses north and south as it loses moisture
  • dry, cool air sinks near the tropics of Cancer and Capricorn and then flows back to equator
74
Q

What produces variation in Earth’s air and water current?

A
  • earth’s rotation and atmospheric circulation
75
Q

What is the Coriollis Effect?

A

rotation of the earth produces rotation in air and ocean currents that would otherwise move straight north or south

76
Q

What biome is Berry College at?

A

interface if Blue Ridge and Piedmont

General Ecology (24 decks)

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