predation and parasitism Flashcards

1
Q
A
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2
Q

what is predation

A

the killing and consumption of multiple prey with positive effects of predator or parasite and negative of prey/host
= applies to carnivorus plants/herbivores whcih kill plants seeds and seedlings

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3
Q

define intraguild predation and cannabilism

A

1) predation on other predators with shared prey resource
2) predation within species

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4
Q

define predator functional responce

A

how individual rate of prey consumption changes
- affected by ability to catch and handle prey
- numerical response of predators can be caused as prey densities grow

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5
Q

what are the three types of responces identifyed by Holling 1959 in terms of the effect of predators and prey

A

Type 1 = consumption rate is limited only by the prey densitiy = prey capture constant and independant of prey desity

2- proportion prey captured decreases as prey desnity increases = limited by ability to find and process food

3- takes into account prey switiching and learning

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6
Q

what is meant by the term haematophagy

A

blood feeding
1) pool feeding - biting mouthparts cut open superfical blood vessels and feed on blood which leaks out
2) piercing and sucking = specalised mouthoparts which inserted into skin and blood vessels severed

= act as vectors of many parasites and pathogens

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7
Q

what is a faculative haematophage

A

species which aquire at least some portion of thier nutrition from non blood sources in at least one of the sexually mature forms
= many insects blood meal is needed before laying eggs whilst males feed on nectar

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8
Q

outline some blood feeding species and the disease/parasites that they spread

A

Sandflies = leishmaniasis
Tsetse flies = trypanomiasis
black flies = parasitic nematode

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9
Q

give some examples of obligatory blood feeders

A
  • assassin bugs = chagas disease
  • lice
  • fleas= transmits bubonic plague
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10
Q

outline some plant eating insects

A

grow in nutrient poor areas= especially nitrogen
- over 583 spp = wide spread but rare
- six different trapping mechanisms

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10
Q

what are the 6 trapping mechanisms employed by plant eating insects

A

flypaper, fixed/mobile tentacles, pitfall, lobster pot, pigeon trap, snap and suction

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10
Q

how do sundw species capture insects

A

ADHESIVE = trap using long mobile mucilage secreting glands
= sticky substance attracts and traps
= weight + movement triggers hairs to wrap around

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10
Q

why do insect eating plants have decreased photosynthesis

A

leaf used as trap = less efficient for photosynthesis
- energy expended on non-photosynthetic structures such as glands and digestive enzymes
= decreased photosynthesis and increased respiration

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10
Q

how do butterwort species capture insects

A

flypaper (adhesive trap) = bright yellow-green leaves excrete sticky fluid which attracts inects
- leaves curl around and digest it
- acidic bogs, fens and damp heaths

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11
Q

how does bladderwort species capture insects

A

suction = found submerged in still fresh water
- bladders pump out ions water follows by osmosis creating partial vaccum

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12
Q

what is parasitism

A

organisms living in or on another obtaining nurtirion and causing damage to the host
= parasitoid eggs or larvae in host
= 70% british spp parasitic

13
Q

how does a small body size help parasites

A

means more habitat available

14
Q

outline parasite host specificity

A
  • highly specific and adapted to one host spp
  • close relationship of life cycles between para and host = even higher specificty
    = specificty linked to adaptive radiation = rapid diversification to exploit new resources
15
Q

what is a kelptoparaiste

A

lay eggs in host nests and larvae consume host egg or larvae while young then food provided by the host for its own juvinile
e.g.
cuckoo bees on leaf cutter bees

16
Q

what are insect brood parasites

A

e.g. large blue butterfly
= larvae produce allomones that mimic ant larvae causing ants to carry then into nest and feed them
= sometumes predate on ant larvae

17
Q

define superparasitism

A

host recives multiple eggs from one of more individual

18
Q

what are some ecosystem services provides from predation and parasitism

A

1) bio control
- reduction of pest populations by natural enemies
3 categories

19
Q

what are the three categories of bio control

A

1) conservation
2) classical bio control
3) augmentation

20
Q

outline conservation as a category of bio control

A

used to optmise survival and or effectiveness of natural enemies
= reducing insecticide applications
= staggering harvest dates to ensure constant supply of hosts
= providi9ng shelter, over wintering sites or alternative food suplly

21
Q

outline classical bio control

A

1) ID BCA from natural enemy in countru
2) ensure ecology and host range compatible
3) select BCA which can be easily reared
4) release in large numbers into crop so it becomes established and supressed pest pop

22
Q

what is augmentation

A

entauls the supplemental release of natural enemies in two strat
1_ inoculative = few released at critical times
2- inundative = millions released

23
Q

what are the charatceristics of a successfull BCS

A

narrow host range = generalised pred may be good but do not kill enough pests when other prey types available

climatic adaptibility = natural enmyy must survive extremes of new habitat

synchrony with host/prey

high repro potential

efficcent searcg abulity = able to locate

short handling time = consume prey rapidly

survive low host prey density