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Hi165 > Precolonial Philippines > Flashcards

Precolonial Philippines Flashcards

1
Q

2 Creation stories of how Filipinos were made

A
  1. Bathala and the oven

2. Bamboo story (Malakas at Maganda)

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2
Q

2 Scientific approaches to the peopling process in the Philippines

A
  1. Austronesian

2. Development from within

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3
Q

Where did the Autronesians come from?

A

From Madagascar to Pacific Islanders

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4
Q

2 Theories for migration patterns of Austronesians

A
  1. Mainland Origin Hypothesis (South China/Taiwan origin– S to N)
  2. South east Asia Origin (Madagascar/Indonesian origins– N to S)
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5
Q

What did the Austronesian use to get here?

A

Balanghai

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6
Q

What is the basic political unit?

A

Barangay

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7
Q

What does the Development from within approach state?

A

There is evidence of population before the Austronesians

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8
Q

What was the settlement pattern of early communities?

A

Coastal

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9
Q

3 Reasons for coastal settlement?

A
  1. Food (dependent on sea)
  2. Transportation
  3. Trade (coastal communities were emerging commercial centers)
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10
Q

What was one effect of trade?

A

Development of social classes

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11
Q

What are the 4 precolonial social classes?

A
  1. Datu
  2. Maharlika
  3. Timawa
  4. Alipin
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12
Q

Role of datu

A

Administrator/Chief

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13
Q

Role of maharlika

A

Adviser/monetary support

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14
Q

Role of Alipin

A

Dependents

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15
Q

Evidence that Alipins were not slaves

A
  1. No monolithic structures

2. No surplus of people

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16
Q

Which class does not pay taxes

A

Maharlika

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17
Q

Which class was the majority of the community

A

Timawa

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18
Q

Who were the freemen?

A

Timawa

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19
Q

Did Alipins have rights?

A

Yes

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20
Q

Were social classes rigid?

A

No

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21
Q

How is the datu chosen?

A

He is the strongest and charming

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22
Q

Is the datu position inheritable?

A

No

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23
Q

Why was there no king and kingdoms in the PH

A

GEOGRAPHICAL FRAGMENTATION

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24
Q

What was the style of farming used?

A

Slash and burn or kaingin farming

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25
Q

What did they farm?

A

root crops

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26
Q

How did kaingin farming affect the way of life of the Filipinos?

A
  1. Influenced mobility of farmers
  2. Impermanence of settlements and communities
  3. Population dispersal made the formation of large groupings of tribes not happen
  4. city-states did not develop
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27
Q

What impermanent structure did they build to live in?

A

Bahay kubo

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28
Q

Why bahay kubo?

A

Easily destroyed and left behind

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29
Q

How high off the ground was the bahay kubo?

A

3-4 meters

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30
Q

Why was the bahay kubo elevated?

A
  1. For the animals

2. Protection form raid and animals

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31
Q

What is the purpose of being surrounded by banana plantation?

A

Prevents fire from spreading

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32
Q

What are the 3 types of weapons the military used?

A
  1. For hacking
  2. Projectiles
  3. Bararo (for head hunting)
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33
Q

What was the true purpose of headhunting?

A

Avoid bloodshed

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34
Q

What is the greatest asset of the Filipinos?

A

People

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35
Q

Fighting tactic

A

Running and throwing

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36
Q

What happens when a chiefly class gets caught?

A

Ransomed for gold

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37
Q

What happens when poor gets caught?

A

sold or enslaved

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38
Q

When do inter-barangay raids occur?

A

Attack after harvest

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39
Q

What happens if barangays have the same population?

A

stalemate

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40
Q

Why attack only after harvest?

A

Soldiers are also the farmers

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41
Q

What was the uniform of the warriors?

A

Pintados

42
Q

Use of body art

A
  1. War records (need to be approved by barangay
  2. long and painful process
  3. deterrent to enemies (Intimidation)
43
Q

Causes of inter-barangay raids

A
  1. unwarranted killing of natives in another town
  2. Stealing of wives (spiritual leaders)
  3. Treachery
44
Q

Judicial system started out with governing using

A

Rules

45
Q

Who created Laws

A

Datu + Council of Elders

46
Q

2 Types of laws

A
  1. Temporary/Oral

2. Permanent/Written

47
Q

Who announces the laws?

A

Umalokohan

48
Q

What does umalokohan mean?

A

Town crier

49
Q

How do they judge who’s right in violations?

A

Number of witnesses

50
Q

How do they judge violations if witnesses are equal?

A

Paggsubok (trial by ordeal)

51
Q

4 Levels of pagsubok

A
  1. Rocks in boiling water
  2. Torch method
  3. Spit rice
  4. Jump in water with spear
52
Q

What happens when you are found guilty?

A
  1. Fined and become alpine

2. Tortured

53
Q

Torture methods

A
  1. FIngernail method

2. Ant/caterpillar/leech method

54
Q

Explain rocks in boiling water level

A

Innocent is the one who gets the rock and does not hesitate

55
Q

Explain torch method

A

one whose torch blows out is guilty

56
Q

Explain spit rice method

A

stickier concoction is guilty

57
Q

Explain jumping in water with spear

A

One with fish or bigger fish is innocent

58
Q

What type of belief did they subscribe to?

A

Animism

59
Q

Where was their belief based?

A

Nature

60
Q

How did they represent these spirits?

A

Carved idols

61
Q

Who was the creator of Filipinos and everything?

A

Bathala

62
Q

What did they call the environmental spirits?

A

Anitos

63
Q

What was the tangible part of their belief?

A

Creatures

64
Q

Did they have a concept of hell?

A

No

65
Q

Why was it easy to convert them to Catholicism?

A

Structure is similar
Bathala- God
Anitos- Saints

66
Q

What were the religious structures that they had?

A

None, it was rooted in nature

67
Q

Why were there no religious structures?

A

only done in large, permanent communities

68
Q

What do you call the officiating priests?

A

Babaylan or Catalonan

69
Q

What gender were their priests

A

Male or female but usually female

70
Q

What does a babaylan do?

A
  1. combats evil spirits
  2. Medium for anito
  3. medical and spiritual wellbeing
71
Q

What did they call evil spirits?

A

maligno

72
Q

3 examples of evil spirits and what they do

A
  1. Aswang- deterrent
  2. Bangungut- jumps on men while they sleep
  3. Kapre- confuse you
73
Q

2 types of aswang

A

tiktik and manananggal

74
Q

Why are babaylans usually female?

A
  1. Gads are usually male and prefer to speak to females

2. Good with medicine and healing

75
Q

Roles of Babaylans

A
  1. Divination
  2. Food offering/Agimat (protection)
  3. Rituals/Ceremonies
76
Q

What are agimats for?

A

protection

77
Q

Devination role includes

A
  1. Concoctions
  2. Healing
  3. Gayuma, anting-anting
78
Q

Means of establishing inter-barangay alliance system and ensuring economic stability?

A

Inter-barangay marriage

79
Q

General form of relationship of Filipinos

A

Monogamous

80
Q

What do you call the 1st wife?

A

Asawa

81
Q

For those that practiced polygamy, what do you call the succeeding wives?

A

Kaibigan

82
Q

How did men court women?

A

Paid downpayment to court the girl which is returned if the girl refuses

83
Q

What did they call the Philippine dowry?

A

bride price

84
Q

What were the reasons behind the bride price?

A
  1. Expenses in growing the daughter
  2. Compensation for loss of manpower in the family
  3. Investment (for son’s wedding in the future)
85
Q

Ways to get married

A
  1. Bribe with money
  2. Use skills/Knowledge
  3. Become and alpine namamahay
86
Q

Why was divorce frowned upon?

A

You have to return the bride price

87
Q

Why were twins considered an anomaly?

A

population was getting too big

88
Q

What did precolonial Filipinos do to preserve their dead?

A

sponge them with boiled and pounded leaves and wrap them in blankets

89
Q

How do they announce when someone dies?

A

Ritual criers went around the village to announce

90
Q

What is the significance of knowing that the precolonial Filipinos had rituals and religion?

A

It is a sign of a developed community

91
Q

What was the significance of rituals?

A

Shows bathala and anitos how important the person is to the afterlife/Fast track to afterlife

92
Q

What was done to the dead person’s personal items?

A

Buried with him or burned

93
Q

How were warriors buried?

A

With a slave attached to them as offering

94
Q

Where were the poor buried?

A

in ordinary graves dug underneath the house

95
Q

Which 3 parts of the house were the poor buried in?

A
  1. Upper part of the house with jewels
  2. Lower part of the house
  3. Ground itself
96
Q

3 Death rituals of precolonial Filipinos

A
  1. Warrior’s death
  2. Mummification
  3. Manuggul Jar
97
Q

Describe the mummification process

A
  1. tied to the post of the house and sweated out while concoction was wiped on the dead
  2. placed in the middle of the house and sweated on top of the fire
  3. family drinks the fluids
  4. formed into a metal position
  5. sealed in capsules and placed on mountains or caves
98
Q

What was the purpose of the mannugul jar?

A

Bring you to afterlife

99
Q

What is the image on the manuggul jar?

A

Boatman

100
Q

Describe the burial process through manuggul jar

A
  1. Primary burial where body is placed in a box until it becomes bones then the bones are dipped in red paint
  2. Secondary burial where the bones are sealed in a jar and placed in a cave
101
Q

Why were beliefs not institutionalised?

A
  1. Because of the way the islands are
  2. There was no strong institution to bind us (no crisis)
  3. We assimilated other cultures
102
Q

Was there a possibility of a nation even without colonisation?

A

Yes

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