Prebiotics

Question 1

breast milk

Answer 1

oligosachharides

Question 2

Prenatally

Answer 2

the baby is exposed to some microbes, such as bacteria associated with the placenta, and this no doubt helps with prenatal immune maturation.

Question 3

providing specific immunological factors

Answer 3

such as…?

Question 4

oligosaccharides

Answer 4

mammalian cells cannot digest but that are needed by our microbes for maturation

Question 5

Additionally, breast milk appears to be a source of extra microbes

Answer 5

probiotic qualities

Question 6

The defective early-life microbiome results in a defective immune system

Answer 6

increasing the risk of autoimmune disease.

Question 7

Barker hypothesis

Answer 7

adverse nutrition in early life, including prenatally as measured by birth weight, increased susceptibility to the metabolic syndrome which includes obesity, diabetes, insulin insensitivity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia and complications

Question 8

transgenerational environmental epigenetics

Answer 8

severity of anorexia - metabolic syndrome, schizophrenia, and anemia.

Question 9

partially hydrolyzed fiber from the guar plant

Answer 9

is a prebiotic that specifically stimulates the growth of Bifidobacterium bacteria and their production of butyrate

Question 10

a high Fto-B ratio is…

Answer 10

… pro-inflammatory and considered a biomarker for obesity.

Question 11

a high-fiber diet is preferred by

Answer 11

and facilitates the growth of Bacteriodes

Question 12

a high-fat diet is preferred by

Answer 12

and facilitates the growth of Firmicutes

Question 13

taking the galacto-oligosaccharide preparation

Answer 13

had both a reduction in neuroendocrine stress response and anxiety-related changes in attention and focus.

Question 14

prebiotics can also lead to an increased production of

Answer 14

a variety of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators working between the gut microbiota and the hippocampus.

Question 15

Penicillin is the most commonly prescribed antibiotic class in children, and if mice are anything to go by…

Answer 15

… treatment with these drugs early enough in life could cause permanent changes to their metabolisms

Question 16

How do oligosaccharides help?

Answer 16

Before a pathogenic bacterium can do any damage, it must adhere to the intestinal wall using special attachment points (???) on the bacterial surface. Oligosaccharides fit perfectly into these points, depriving pathogenic species of a foothold.