Gut-Brain Axis

Question 1

reach the brain

Answer 1

via either the enteric (or gut) nervous system or the portal circulation (a vein that runs from the gut to the liver).

Question 2

serotonin

Answer 2

made by some Enterococcus species

Question 3

dopamine

Answer 3

a product of some Bacillus bacteria

Question 4

gammaaminobutyric acid

Answer 4

produced by some Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium

Question 5

gammaaminobutyric acid

Answer 5

produced by some Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium

Question 6

acetylcholine

Answer 6

produced by some Lactobacillus

Question 7

histamine

Answer 7

produced by some Lactobacillus

Question 8

norepinephrine

Answer 8

produced by some yeasts, Escherichia, and additional bacteria

Question 9

Germ-free animals lacking normal gut microbes

Answer 9

have specifically altered gene expression in the amygdala that is connected to neurobehavior.

Question 10

Bifidobacterium longum strain 1714

Answer 10

has an antianxiety action in mice

Question 11

Excess LPS in the blood has also been linked to

Answer 11

mental illness; depressed patients, autistic children and schizophrenics often have leaky guts and chronic inflammation.