Pre Socratic

Question 1

The Pre-Socratics focused their studies on ____ - the fundamental knowledge of nature and less on ______

Answer 1

natural philosophy & ethics and political philosophy

Question 2

What 4 fundamental themes did they focus on?

Answer 2

1. Appearance Vs. Reality:
   Questioning whether or not things are as a they appear
2. Change Vs. Performance
   Anything that is permanent, does it change or not?
3. Accident Vs. Essence
   If certain properties are charged/to be different than would the thing with those properties change?
4. The many Vs. The One
   Are things that am real maple of many basic things or just one whole thing ?

Question 3

What is metaphysics?

Answer 3

Th study of the truth, laws, + principal that apply to reality, not just the physical material world but “beyond”.

Question 4

What an the 4 areas of metaphysics?

Answer 4

1. IDEALISM: views reality as mental, rational, spiritual, intellectual and thought like
2. MATERIALISM: views realty as made of matter.

3.MONISM: views reality as made up of one unifying thing

4.DUALISM: vices reality as made up of 2 fundamentally different things

Question 5

What is epistemology?

Answer 5

The study of knowing & how we know

Question 6

What are the 2 classifications in epistemology?

Answer 6

1. RATIONALISM: knowledge about reality is innate and infused into the mind, accessing it takes thinking and contemplation.

2.EMPIRICISM: knowledge about reality i aquined, this info takes observation and experimentation

Question 7

What is ethics?

Answer 7

The study of what m sought to do & be

Question 8

What are the 3 classifications in ethics?

Answer 8

1. VIRTUE: habits and actions that will lead to long-term balanced happiness and good character

2.CONSEQUENTIALISM: considers getting the best course of action that will benefit everyone

3.DEONTOLOGY: assumes there is a ultimate, universal law of I morality to which moral persons have an unqualified duty of obediance

Question 9

What is human anthropology?

Answer 9

Discipline with philosophy that seeks to unity the several empirical investigations of the human nature

Question 10

What 4 elements did they believe earth was composed of?

Answer 10

Air, water, Earth, and fire

Question 11

What is the concept of Anaximenes?

Answer 11

He believed AIR was the source of all material things.

Claimed air was basic and all other elements were generated by air being modified

Question 12

What was Anaxagoras main concept?

Answer 12

He supported the pluralist view that all things are composed of the 4 basic elements

Pointed to POTENTIALITY- the notion that things a how potential, or cause of change within themselves

Question 13

What was Anaximander’s main concept?

Answer 13

He argued that no single material element could be generated from any other element, the boundless APEIRON is the source for all things

Question 14

What is APERION ?

Answer 14

Apeiron meant unlimited or boundless
It is like a force or a principal

Question 15

Leucippus and ____ are connected because their views of _____ are similar

Answer 15

Democritus their views of “atomism” are similar, the view that all things are made up of different atomic configurations

Claimed that atoms had “little hooks” that allowed them to connect with one another.

Question 16

Why did many people reject leucippus and democritus’s view of atonism?

Answer 16

They rejected it because it was a form of “athesiem” and did not point to goal as a source for all things

Question 17

What was empedocles’s main concept?

Answer 17

He claimed that all physical things are composed of 4 basic elements and governed by 2 fundamental forces:

LOVE & STRIDE

Question 18

What is love and stride and what did Empedocles claim they did?

Answer 18

Claimed that they cause change and that the history of the world is caused by the flow of these 2 factors

Question 19

What is Epicurus’s theory?

Answer 19

He supported the virtue of atomism and argued that pleasure and happiness is goal of life.

Wisdom is the greatest pleasure.

Question 20

What is Heraclitus’s main concept?

Answer 20

He believed change is the fundamental natur of things and there is unity of opposites

Claimed fire is the basis of all things

Question 21

What is the Unity of opposites?

Answer 21

This theory states that things must be understood in terms of how the relate to each other

Question 22

What is Parmenides main concept?

Answer 22

He believed that all of reality is one, and what is real is eternal + unchanging.

Claimed that change is a illusion of appearance

Question 23

What is Plotinus’s main concept?

Answer 23

He claimed that a reality comes from the one (or the good one) and argued that what is must real = nonmaterial

Question 24

What is Pyrrhus main concept?

Answer 24

Argued that peace of nine can be attained only by recognizing that one must always suspend judgement about the truth or falsity of anything and be detached

Question 25

What is Thale’s main concept?

Answer 25

Claimed that water was the source of all things

Noted that all living organisms need water to survive and the food that even the non-animate environment was formed by water

Question 26

What was Zeno of Elena’s main concept?

Answer 26

Argued that peace of mind is the goal of inquiry and of life.

defended Parmenides views with a sets of paradoxes and puzzles that lead the opposition to contradictions.