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Bio > Pre Midterm Information > Flashcards

Pre Midterm Information Flashcards

1
Q

What is RNA Transcription?

A

RNA Transcription is the process of RNA being transcribed into DNA. Takes place in the nucleus

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2
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Small lipids that make up the cell membrane. They have a hydrophobic (the tails) and hydrophilic (head) end

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3
Q

What is the plasma membrane composed of, and describe it.

A

The plasma membrane is made up of lipids and proteins. The most common is phospholipids. The plasma membrane is a phospholipid bilayer. It’s made up of two layers of phospholipids. There’s and inner and outer leaflet. The hydrophobic tails of the phospholipids face inwards towards eachother while the hydrophilic ends face outside and inside the cell.

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4
Q

Bacteria and archea are an example of what?

A

Prokaryotes

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5
Q

What do prokaryotes have that most eukaryotic cells (barring a few) do not have?
What is it coated with?

A

Cell walls, and they’re coated by glycocalyx

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6
Q

Structures unique to animal cells

A

Lysosomes, centrioles, flagella (some plant sperm)

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7
Q

Structures unique to plant cells

A

Chloroplast, central vacuole, Cell wall, plasmodesmata

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8
Q

What is the Plasmodesta

A

Only found in plant cells, Plasmodesta is the gaps between cells that allow them to communicate and move substances between each cell.

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9
Q

What is the nuclear pore?

A

Protein lined channel in nuclear envelope that regulates the flow of molecules in and out of the nucleus. (Like the gaurd cells to stomata)

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10
Q

What is chromatin?

A

A complex of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes within the nucleus

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11
Q

What are ribosomes and where can they be found?

A

Ribosomes synthesize and sort proteins for export, and can be found in the cytosol (free ribosomes) or on the nuclear envelope (bound ribosomes)

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12
Q

What structures are not included in an endombrane system

A

Plastids and mitochondria

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13
Q

What structures are not included in an endombrane system

A

Plastids and mitochondria

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14
Q

What are three common shapes of prokaryotic cells?

A

Spherical, rodlike, and spiral

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15
Q

The plasma membrane in prokaryotes is covered by a cell wall, what covers that cell wall?

A

Glycocalyx, or polysaccharides

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16
Q

What are the needle like structures over the prokaryote, and what is their function?

A

They are called Pilus (Pili), used to adhesion, for colonization, infecting and breeding among bacteria. Used to attack host when sick.

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17
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Circular formation of extra chromosomal DNA that replicates independently of chromosomes. They contain genetic info relating to pathogenicity, tumour formation, (sometimes) resistance to chemicals and antibiotics. They can pass easily between bacterial cells.

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18
Q

Is the eukaryotic Nucleus or the Prokaryotic nucleotide more complex

A

The Eukaryotic nucleus. Obviously.

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19
Q

Where can ribosomes be found in a eukaryotic cell

A

Free in cytosol, on the rough ER, and on the Nuclear Membrane

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20
Q

Which organelles in an animal cell have two phospholipid bilayers

A

Nucleus, Mitochondria, (plant cell, maybe chloroplast????)

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21
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

Present in the nucleus, kinda the center. Primarily assembles ribosomes.

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22
Q

What is the nuclear Lamina

A

A dense fibril network of intermediate fillaments and membrane associate proteins located in the inner nuclear membrane

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23
Q

What are ribosomes made up of

A

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

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24
Q

What is each ribosome composed of?

A

A large subunit, and a smaller subunit. The large subunit is sorta like the top where the decoding flow is up into. The smaller, bottom ish subunit is like the track that guides the mRNA along to be decoded

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25
Q

What is the purpose of Ribosomes

A

They are the site of protein synthesis. They decode Messenger RNA(mRNA), and peptide bonds (the covalent bond that holds amino acids together to form a protein

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26
Q

What structures does the endomembrane system consist of?

A

Nuclear envelope,
ER (both)
Golgi Apperatus
Lysosome
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane
Vesicles

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27
Q

What is not included the endomembrane system

A

Mitochondria and chloroplast
They are either continuous or connected via transfer vacuoles

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28
Q

What is the rough ER responsible for?

A

The modification and folding of proteins which are then transported by transport vacuoles. It produces all membranes for the cell by producing membrane proteins and phospholipid molecules

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29
Q

What is the smooth ER responsible for

A

Synthesizing lipids
Detox drugs and alcohol
Regulates carbohydrate metabolism in some cells
Stores calcium

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30
Q

What is the golgi Apperatus

A

Flattened membranous sacs called cisternae. They’re broken down into cis and trans faces.

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31
Q

What does the Golgi Apperatus do?

A

Substances enter the Cis face. Products of the ER are modified, certain macromolecules are synthesized, and it sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles. These products exit out the trans side

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32
Q

What is a lysosome and what can they do?

A

A membranous sac of hydrolytic enzymes that can hydrolyze proteins, fats, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids. Through autophagy, organelles and macromolecules are recycled.

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33
Q

What is autophagy

A

Essentially it’s the recycling of parts of the cell that aren’t working right or need replacing through the use of lysosomes

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34
Q

What is a vacuole

A

Water or cytosol concealed in a plasma membrane

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35
Q

Name 3 vacuoles and their function

A

Food Vacuole - formed from phagocytosis
Contractile vacuole - found in many fresh water protists, used to pump out excess water
Central vacuole - turgor preasure and storage in plant cells

36
Q

What is endosymbiosis, and what organelles did it give rise to?

A

Before the cell we have today, there was archaea and bacteria. An archaea ate a bacteria cell, and the bacteria essentially evolved into the mitochondria/chloroplast, having the two cells live in symbiosis. This is why the mitochondria and chloroplast have a little of their own genome.

37
Q

What are peroxisomes

A

Specialized metabolic compartments bounded by a single membrane. The carry out oxidative reactions and produce H2O2 and convert it to water.

38
Q

What is the structure of mitochondria like

A

They have a smooth outer membrane and a folded interior called cristae. The space between the two membranes is aptly named the intermembrane space, and the area within the second membrane is called the mitochondrial matrix.

39
Q

What is the benifet of the form of the Cristae

A

The cristae is formed into folds, this increasing surface area, and usable area to perform atp production.

40
Q

Describe the structure of the inside of chloroplast.

A

Chloroplast has a double membrane. On the inside, the organelle has thylakoids, the coin looking parts. Then there’s the thylakoid membrane, and the stroma that fills the remaining interior.

41
Q

What is glycoxysome?

A

A specialized peroxisome found in plants and mold that converts lipids to carbs

42
Q

What is the cytoskeleton

A

A network of fibres extending throughout the cytoplasm. Anchoring many organelles and organizes cell structure and activities.

43
Q

What is the cytoskeleton made up of

A

Microtubules
Intermediate fillaments
Microfilaments

44
Q

Describe microtubules

A

The biggest of the three things making up cytoskeleton, 25nm with 15nm lumen. Made up of 13 columns of molecules. Helps with chromosome movement in cell division and organelle movements

45
Q

What is tubulin composed of

A

Alpha-tubulin and Beta-tubulin

46
Q

What is the relation of surface area to volume?

A

Volume increases faster then surface area

47
Q

What is a plasmid

A

Small pieces of dna not in the chromosome on prokaryotes

48
Q

What does the nucleolus do

A

Makes ribosomes

49
Q

What is the difference between vacuoles and Vesicles

A

Vacuoles are generally bigger, and vesicles can fuse with other membranes in the cell.

50
Q

What happened in the G1 party of interphase

A

Normal cell life, it grows, lives, respires, ect.

51
Q

What is included in interphase?

A

G1
S
G2

52
Q

What happens in S in interphase?

A

Chromosomes duplication (glitch!!! Subscribe!!!! Working 2015!!!!)

53
Q

What happens in G2 stage?

A

The cell lives. There’s still 23 chromosomes, they’re just doubled (I guess?) duplicated might be a better word

54
Q

What are the steps of mitosis?

A

Prophase
(Prometaphase)
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

55
Q

What happens in prophase

A

Chromosomes condense, the centrisomes migrate to opposite poles of the cell, generating spindle fibres.

56
Q

What happens in Prometaphase

A

Nuclear envelope breaks down, microtubules from the spindle fibers attatch to the kineticore (not all but some may at this point)

57
Q

What happens in metaphase

A

All the chromosomes are lined up, and all the microbe is connected to the kinetic pre to allow for

58
Q

What happens in anaphase

A

The chromosomes are separated and pulled apart

59
Q

What are the enzymes that seperate the chromosomes in anaphase called?

A

Seperase

60
Q

What happens in telophase

A

Chromosomes reconvene back into chromatin as the cell begins to establish its normal structure. Spindle fibres begin to resolve and nuclear membrane begins to reform

61
Q

What is cytokinesis in animals?

A

Forms cleavage furrow, made of micro filaments, pinches cytoplasm in half

62
Q

What is cytokinesis in plant cells

A

Cell plate divides the cytoplasm, formed by vesicles that are transported along microtubule tracks

63
Q

What is different about mitosis between animal and plant cells

A

Plant cells do not have centrisomes, the microtubules are anchored in the cell membrane

64
Q

What are microtubules made of?

A

Tubulin dimers (dimers means two)

65
Q

What is the structure of a microfillament?

A

Double helix sorta shape of actin monomers

66
Q

What do microfillaments do

A

Hold and change cell shape
Muscle contraction
Some movement in cell (ex pseudopodia)
Cell division with cleavage furrow

67
Q

Describe passive transport

A
  • down the conc gradient
    -simple diffusion
    -facilitated diffusion
    -can use carrier proteins, but it’s still down the gradient
68
Q

What is osmosis

A

Diffusion of water from low conc to high conc, basically how a cell reacts to a solution

69
Q

What is diffusion

A

Movement of molecules
From high to low conc
Distribution of substances between compartments

70
Q

Types of active transport

A

-Uniporter: single molecule
-Co-transporter: moves two
A) cotransport, two in the same direction
B) anti transport, two moving in opposite directions

71
Q

Binary fission

A

B period:replication of singular circle chromosome
C period: chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell. Parts of chromosome have not finished replicating
D period: replication is complete and separation of plasma membrane begins

2 daughter cells identical to parent

72
Q

What structure in cells is not considered an organelle

A

Ribosomes

73
Q

What is the animal cell version of the plasmodesmata

A

Junctions

74
Q

What types of junctions are there?

A

Tight junction
Desmosomes
Gap Junctions

75
Q

What is a tight junction

A

Membranes of neighbouring cells pressed together to prevent leckage of extracellular fluid

76
Q

What are desmosomes

A

Anchoring junctions, that fasten cells together into strong sheets

77
Q

What are gap junctions?

A

Communicating junctions that provide cytoplasmic channels for cytoplasmic streaming and communication

78
Q

What is the extracellular matrix?

A

The ECM is made up of glycoproteins and other macromolecules

It supports the cell
Used for adhesion
Used for movement
And for regilarion

79
Q

What is the peripheral protein

A

Functions in support, communication, enzymes and molecule transfer. It’s not embedded, hence the name peripheral

80
Q

Do organisms wanna be more fluid or more rigid?

A

More fluid

81
Q

Higher saturated fat does what to plasma membrane?

A

It increases the compartment, none of the phospholipids have linked tails, so they’re packed tightly

82
Q

What is the structure of a plant cell wall

A

Primary cell wall (thin and flexible)
Middle Lamella
Secondary wall (only some cells)

83
Q

What is the act of an phospholipid moving from the inside to the out

A

Floppase

84
Q

What is the act of a phospholipid moving from the outside to the in?

A

Flippase

85
Q

What does cholesterol do to the phospholipid layer at high (37C) and low temps

A

At high temps it restrains movements of phospholipids. At low temps it maintains fluidity by preventing tight packing

Bio (5 decks)

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