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Bio > Bio Lab Final > Flashcards

Bio Lab Final Flashcards

1
Q

What are the parts you look through on a microscope

A

The Oculars

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2
Q

What is the part you spin to change the view on the microscope

A

The revolving nosepiece

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3
Q

What is the diameter of the 4x objective lense

A

4.40mm

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4
Q

What is the diameter of the 10x objective lense

A

1.75 mm

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5
Q

What is the diameter of the 40x objective lense

A

0.44mm

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6
Q

What is frequency?

A

A proportion to the total count of one population. Ex. 3 blue circles out of 20 circles, 3/20 = 0.15.

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7
Q

How to find the relative total pollution index?

A

You take the given pollution index for each genus and divide it by the number of said genus. Adding all of those results up results in your total pollution index.

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8
Q

Four basic features shared by all living cells

A

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, DNA, ribosomes

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9
Q

What organisms are prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

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10
Q

What are the cell walls on prokaryotes made of

A

Polysaccharides and amino acids

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11
Q

What do bacteria use for locomotion through rotating this structure?

A

Flagellum

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12
Q

What organisms are considered Eukaryotes

A

Single cell Protist
Fungi
Plant
Animals

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13
Q

What microscope uses molecules that emit absorbed light in organelles?

A

Fluorescent Microscope

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14
Q

What microscope has the best resolution

A

Electron microscopes, because they scan with electrons rather then light

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15
Q

Which microscope would use to see the surface

A

Scanning Electron Microscope

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16
Q

What are the pigments that cause a yellow, orange, red or purple colour in chrome plants?

A

Carotenoids

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17
Q

What do leucoplasts store?

A

Starch, proteins or fats.

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18
Q

What is resolution in a microscope?

A

The ability to detect/distinguish structure.

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19
Q

What is the point of carotenoids in chromoplast?

A

To make sure he fruit or flower more attractive to animals

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20
Q

How to plant cells communicate with one another?

A

Slender cytoplasmic connections known as plasmodesmata

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21
Q

What are the perforations in the cell wall called?

A

They’re called pits

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22
Q

What is the layering of starch in cells called?

A

Striations

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23
Q

What are Anthocyanins?

A

There a class of blue purple and red pigments found in the central vacuole of some plant cells

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24
Q

What are the substances used in photosynthesis

A

Carbon dioxide, light energy, water

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25
Q

What solution were the discs of leaves submerged in, within the syringe?

A

2% sodium bicarbonate

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26
Q

What is pseudopodia?

A

Cellular extensions that amoeba use to move around. In Greek means false foot

27
Q

What is phagocytosis

A

The process of entrapping food and bringing it into the cell to be used (eating it

28
Q

Where is the food from phagocytosis packaged?

A

Food vacuoles (before digestion)

29
Q

How does the cell digest food vacuoles?

A

Attaches to lysosome, and the supply hydrolytic enzymes to digest the food.

30
Q

Describe a cell in a colony of gonium

A

Very similar to chlamydomonas cell. Each cell has thick gelatinous matrix around it to hold it to the colony.

Diagran looks like a ring, with a bubble inside covered in smaller bubbles on one end, and one tiny one at the other (eyespot.

31
Q

Describe the cell wall

A

Rigid wall protects and supports the cell
Made mostly of cellulose

32
Q

Describe the plasma membrane

A

Semipermeable membrane, in both plant and animal cells. Regulates the flow in and out of the cell

33
Q

Describe the nucleus

A

Controls all function of the cell, stores most of the genetic material.

34
Q

Describe the Nuclear envelope

A

A double membrane surrounding the nucleus. Covered in Ribosomes

35
Q

What is the nucleolus?

A

The internal part of the nucleus. Manufactures ribosomal subunits

36
Q

What is the central vacuole?

A

85-90% of the total volume of a plant cell. Only found in plant cells. Stored water, ions, enzymes, toxins and proteins.

37
Q

Describe cytoplasmic streaming

A

Small streams of cytoplasm moving needed things between cells

38
Q

Which cell is generally bigger? Plant or animal?

A

Plant cells

39
Q

What’s a structure unique to plant cells

A

Plasmids

40
Q

What are three types of plasmids

A

Chloroplast, chromoplast, leucoplast.

41
Q

What is osmosis?

A

The movement of water (solvent) through selectively permeable membrane
From low conc to high conc (trying to balance out the conc on either side)

42
Q

what is diffusion?

A

Random movement of molecules from low to high conc.

43
Q

Solvent Vs Solute

A

Solvent is the liquid that does the disolving
Solute is the stuff being dissolved. Like salt.

44
Q

Describe binary fission

A

A prokaryote duplicating itself and splitting. Creates two identical daughter cells.

45
Q

Mitosis vs Meiosis

A

Mitosis creates identical daughter cells, (diploid)
Meiosis develops 4 gametes (haploid)

46
Q

What are the steps of mitosis? What follows after it?

A

Mitosis is: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.

Cytokinesis is the only thing that follows

47
Q

Chromosome Vs Chromatid

A

Chromosome: a DNA molecule that has genetic material
Chromatid: one copy of newly copied chromosomes

(When you think oh the x shape, the whole x is chromosome, each side is chromatid.)

48
Q

What is ploidy?

A

The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell.

49
Q

Diploid vs haploid

A

Diploid: two sets of chromosomes (2n)
Haploid: only one set of chromosomes (n)

(Ex human cell ploidy: 2n = 46. Diploid containing 46 chromosomes in 23 homologous pairs)

50
Q

What is the diploid generation of plants called, and what happens?

A

Sporophyte: produces haploid spores by meiosis called sporangia.

51
Q

What is the haploid generation

A

The spores undergo mitosis to produce the multicellular haploid gametophyte. Within the gametophyte, reproductive organs produce gametes through mitosis

52
Q

When in the animal life cycle are cells haploid

A

Only the gametes that are produced are the only haploid cells in animal lifecycle

53
Q

What is a test cross

A

Crossing an individual of unknown genotypes w/ a homozygous reccesive individual to find out what the genotype of the unknown individual.

54
Q

What is mindless first law?

A

Law of dominance and Uniformity
Some alleles are dominant over others, if one dominant allele is inherited that phenotype with show

55
Q

What is Mendels second law?

A

Law of Segregation
During gametogenesis, the two alleles for each gene seperate and a parent only passes one allele to offspring

56
Q

What is mendels third law?

A

Law of indipendent Assortment
During gametogenesis different alleles segregate independently and are distributed independently in the next generation

57
Q

What do females and males produce in terms of gametes?

A

A female will produce gametes with a single X chromosome, and 22 unpaired chromosomes
A male will produce a gamete with an X or Y chromosome and 22 unpaired chromosomes.

58
Q

What is turner syndrome?

A

Only having one X chromosome and no other sex chromosome. Symptoms are heart defects, short height, and failure of ovaries

59
Q

What is Trisomy?

A

When the 21 set of chromosomes has 3 sets of chromosomes. Symptoms include round face, flat profile, slanted eyes, cleft pallete, development delays

Down syndrome

60
Q

What is kleinfelter Syndrome?

A

When a person has 2 x and one Y chromosome. Symptoms include Atypical body proportions, flat feet, coordination issues, lack of testosterone’s increased breast tissue.

61
Q

What are the four ingredients required for PCR?

A

1: DNA extract
2: each of the four deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs: dATP, dCTP, dGTP, dTTP) (building blocks used to produce DNA copies)
3: primers - Short segments of DNA neccesary for the initiation of DNA replication
4: DNA polymerase - A heat stable enzyme that elongates the DNA chain by adding dNTPs to the primers

62
Q

What is PCR

A

Polymerase chain reaction

63
Q

What are the three steps in PCR cycle?

A

1: Denaturation of DNA - Heat to seperate the two strands of the DNA double helix
2: Annealing of Primers - Cool so that primers can bond to the single strands of DNA
3: Extension of Primers - heat to allow DNA polymerase to add dNTPs to the end of primers

Bio (5 decks)

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