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Bio > Bio LAB 2 > Flashcards

Bio LAB 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is binary fission

A

Cell division of a prokaryotic cell creating 2 identical daughter cells

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2
Q

What are all of the steps of the cell cycle?

A

G1
S
G2
Mitosis
Cytokinesis
(Sometimes G0)

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3
Q

What is the longest part of the cell cycle and what’s contained in it?

A

Interphase is the longest, and it contains G1, S, G2

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4
Q

Describe the differences between telophqse in animal cells and plant cells.

A

Animal cells: the singular chromosomes arrive at the piles, as the nuclear envelope begins to reform. Cytokinesis begins as a cleavage furrow forms between the two nuclei and punches the cell into two separate daughter cells.

Plant cells: the singular chromosomes arrive at the piles, as the nuclear envelope begins to reform. Vesicles transfer and fuse together to form a cell plate, separating the nuclei and forming two identical daughter cells.

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5
Q

What are 3 major functions of mitosis?

A

The production/manitanancd of multicellularity, ex the development of an individual from fertilized egg.

Asexual reproduction

Replacement of old/damaged cells

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6
Q

What are 3 major functions of mitosis?

A

The production/manitanancd of multicellularity, ex the development of an individual from fertilized egg.

Asexual reproduction

Replacement of old/damaged cells

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7
Q

What is the difference between a drawing and a diagram (specifically in chromosomes)

A

A drawing is exactly what you see, so it may be messy and not super accurate
A diagram would have all the detail, like cebtromeres in chromosomes, spindle fibres, ect.

(Everything visible in both should be labeled)

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8
Q

How long does a cell on average take to complete a cell cycle?

A

16 hours (960 minutes)

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9
Q

What is a colonial organism?

A

They are seperate daughter cells all stuck together. Instead of separating through cytokinesis, the remained stuck together.

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10
Q

What is the purpose of the eyespot?

A

The eyespot orients the cell toward light

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11
Q

What is the Pyrenoids in unicellular algae?

A

Contained in the chloroplast, it’s responsible for the synthesis of starches from the sugar produced by photosynthesis.

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12
Q

What is the purpose of a gelatinous matrix?

A

It’s secreted by cells in a colony to help hold them together.

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13
Q

What state are the chromosomes in during Both G phases?

A

They would be uncondenced, in a state know as chromatin.

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14
Q

What is a gamete?

A

Egg or sperm in animals
Spore in plants

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15
Q

What does ploidy refer to

A

Weather it’s haploid (n) or diploid (2n)

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16
Q

Where are spores formed in plants?

A

Sporangia

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17
Q

How are spores formed

A

Sporocytes undergo mitosis to form haploid spores.

18
Q

What is the alternation of generations writhing plants life cycle?

A

They have distinct multicellular haploid and diploid stages in their life.

19
Q

How are gametophytes formed and what’s their ploidy?

A

Gametophytes are formed through mitosis and are haploid.

20
Q

What does it mean for a plant to be sporophyte dominant

A

It means that the diploid stage is the most obvious stage of its life.

21
Q

What is an archaegonium?

A

The female reproductive organ in a gametophyte. It can be spotted by a red central dot in the cell.

22
Q

What is the antheridium

A

The male reproductive organ of a gametophyte. Can be identified by many red dots in a cell.

23
Q

What is a chaisma?

A

The spot in which chromosome crossing over occurs.

24
Q

What is the only time in an animal life cycle that haploid cells are present

A

The only time there are haploid cells present is within the sperm and eggs.

25
Q

What are the conditions for a chromosome to be homologous

A

Same shape, size, and to carry the same genome.

26
Q

What is Mendel first law, or the principle of segregation?

A

Alleles from one gene segregate from one another during the formation of gametes.

27
Q

What is Mendels second law

A

Alleles of different genes assort independently of one another during gamete formation.

28
Q

What is a test cross.?

A

Crossing an unknown genotype with a homologous recessive genotype to determine the unknown genotype.

29
Q

How does the distance between genes on the chromosome affect crossing over rate.

A

The farther apart, the more crossing over occurs

30
Q

When does crossing over occur.

A

Meiosis, late prophase 1

31
Q

What is a recombinant gamete?

A

A gamete that has undergone crossing over.

32
Q

How is the sex of plants and animals determined?

A

By a single pair or sex chromosomes

33
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

An image of an individuals complete set of chromosomes.

34
Q

What causes turner syndrome, and what is it?

A

Only one X chromosome, symptoms include but are not limited to wide/weblike neck, low set ears, broad chest with widely spaced nipples

35
Q

What is trisomy, and some symptoms?

A

Trisomy, also known as Down syndrome, is caused by an extra chromosome added to a pair of chromosomes. Symptoms include round face, flat profile, slanted eyes, development delays, and more.

36
Q

What causes Kleinfelter syndrome, and some symptoms

A

It happens when someone has two X chromosomes and a Y chromosome. Symptoms include atypical body proportions, flat feet, coordination issues, lack of testosterone, increased breast tissu

37
Q

How many genes does an X chromosome carry compared to a Y chromosome?

A

X chromosomes carry about the same number of genes as an autoso, and very few genes have been detected on Y chromosomes

38
Q

What is a sex linked gene

A

Genes located on the X chromosome

39
Q

What is a pedigree chart?

A

It’s like a family tree that has states indicating gender, and if they’re carrying/effected by the certain trait

40
Q

What are polygenic traits?

A

Phenotypic traits that have contributions of the alleles of many genes at multiple locations.

41
Q

How do you determine the distance between geenes

A

%recombination = (total # recombinants/ total # offspring) • 100

42
Q

Which sex gamete ultimately decides the gender of a child in humans

A

The Y chromosomes

Bio (5 decks)

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