pre-industrial (before 1850)

Question 1

social class characteristics

Answer 1

•an agrarian society based in producing and maintaining crops and farmland
•two class society
•lower class or peasants, worked manually on the land
•upper class landowners, did not have to work,employed lower classes on their estates.
•lower classes worked long exhausting hours on the land.

Question 2

how social class shaped sport and pastimes

Answer 2

•classes participated separately in most sports and pastimes
eg real tennis upper class, mob football lower class

Question 3

gender characteristics

Answer 3

•society male dominated.
•women fewer rights and considered the weaker sex so sports and pastimes limited physical exertion and competitiveness.

Question 4

how gender shaped sports and pastimes

Answer 4

•genders participated separately in most sports or pastimes
eg. archery upper class women, real tennis upper class men, smock racing lower class women, mob football lower class men.

Question 5

Law and order characteristics

Answer 5

• society uncivilised and very harsh compared to modern standards, especially for the lower class.
• no formal police force.
• no laws to limit violence or animal cruelty.
• uncontrolled often excessive gambling/wagering.

Question 6

How law and order shaped sport and pastime

Answer 6

-sport reflected the harshness as they were often violent and cruel.
Eg Bare-knuckle prize fighting, mob football (lower class). cock fighting, fox hunting (upper class)

Question 7

Education/literacy characteristics

Answer 7

• upper class educated and literate.
• lower classes uneducated and illiterate.

Question 8

How education shaped sport and pastimes

Answer 8

• upper class sport and pastimes, eg real tennis, had more complex rules that were written down.
• lower class sports and pastimes, eg mob football, simple rules, not written down, passed on by word of mouth.

Question 9

Availability of time characteristics

Answer 9

• upper class a lot of free time
• lower class very little free time as worked long hours on the land, also very seasonal (longer hours in summer)

Question 10

How availability of time shaped sport and pastimes

Answer 10

• upper class sport ad pastimes, eg real tennis, fox hunting longer and participation frequently.
• lower class sports and pastimes, eg mob football, occasional, often on festival days eg shrove Tuesday.

Question 11

Availability of money characteristics

Answer 11

• upper classes usually rich.
• lower classes usually poor.

Question 12

how availability of money shaped sports and pastimes

Answer 12

•upper class sport and pastimes could include expensive purpose built-facilities eg real tennis.
•lower class sports and pastimes used little specialist equipment, played in work clothes and took place on the streets or common land eg mob football.
•upper class could also afford to wager regularly to show status and wealth, lower class could not - occasionally did hoping for rags to riches.

Question 13

type/availability of transport characteristics

Answer 13

•upper class limited to horse and carriage on poor roads.
•lower class could only travel on foot.

Question 14

how type/availability of transport shaped sport and pastime

Answer 14

• sports and pastimes very localised,leading to regional variations in rules.
•upper classes could travel to nearby landed gentry for real tennis.
•lower class mob football in local village only.