Pre-harvest food risks 1: Companion Animals Flashcards
Define zoonosis
diseases which are transmitted naturally between vertebrate animals and humans
Define carrier
pathogens isolated from animal/human without causing clinical signs of disease in the host
Define colonised host
no clinical sign son host like carrier but implies that microbes multiply on the host. longitudinal sampling required to prove
Define reservoir
the spread of an organism within the reservoir host to maintain the pathogen indefinitely
Example sof zoonoses in companion animal practice
rabies, salmonellosis, brucellosis, MRSA, TB, worms (tapeworms, roundworms), pasteurellosis, toxoplasmosis, leptospirosis, psittacosis, fleas, cheyletielliosis, sarcoptic mange (fox mange), dermatophytosis (ringworm)
What are ESKAPE pathogens?
Clinically relevant multidrug resistant pathogens in human medicine: Enterococcus faecium Staph aureus Klebsiella pneumonia Acinetobacter baumannii Pseudomonas aeruginosa Enterobacter spp
What is ESBL E.coli?
extended spectrum b-lactamase (i.e. resistant to this)
In which species can MRS be found?
humans, cats, dogs and others
Outline MRSA infection
human hospital associated
community associated
livestock associated
Which ABs is MRSA resistant to?
broad b-lactam and often also fluoroquinolone
What is reverse zoonotic transmission?
a spill over of disease from human hospitals to animals, e.g. MRSA
What is MRSP
Methicillin-resistant Staph pseudintermedius. It is dog-adapted and a vet nosocomial infection. highly drug resistant
What is the result of MRSA?
extended length of stay in hospital
treatment options limited
cost
increased mortality not proven
Implication - MRSA in small animal practice - 4
most infections can be treated successfully
genetic typing suggest transmission in both directions
MRSA is primarily a human hospital pathogen
owner’s perceptions may vary
What zoonoses are small furries prone to?
ringworm
When might reptile/fish zoonoses be transmitted?
cleaning of tanks and equipment
When may psittacosis be transmitted?
wide dispersal of pathogens during flight.
How much does reptile-related salmonellosis account for of all Salmonellosis cases in US?
3-5%
What causes fish tank granuloma?
Mycobacterium marinum
How many fish, reptiles and birds are owned in the UK?
> 40 million
What are your responsibilities as vets in relation to zoonoses? 3
- ) Early suspicion and correct diagnosis
- ) Client communication
- ) Prevention of spread
What can ringworm be indistinguishable from?
FAD
Who are at risk of zoonotic infections? What should you advise?
compromised host susceptibility
close contact
very young or elderly
specific risk factors (wounds, cuts, bites, AM therapy)
REMEMBER that owners may not be aware that drugs they are on are immunocompromising.
ALWAYS refer to their GP.
What are other sources of info? 3
Public Health England
Department of Health
How can a zoonotic disease be prevented from spreading? 4
patient management
practice hygiene
personal hygiene
responsible AM use
Are uniform and protective clothing the same?
No
How long can infectious diseases survive on dry surfaces?
Most gram + = many months
Many gram - = many months
Pseudomonas aeruginsoa = 5 weeks on dry, 16 months on wet
Spore-forming = many months
What do staphylococci adhere to?
squames and hair. Can survive on dry surfaces >12 months
Outline the traffic light isolation protocol.
RED - patient muct be isolated unless clinically unstable
AMBER - barrier nurse in wards/icu, await microbiology/ virology exam
GREEN - patient can be nursed in wards, isolation not required
What are the visiting requirements for patients in isolation? 8
clinician arranges, informs reception designated personnel for visit client must have protocols explained client must sign 'Form of Agreement' must wear full isolation protective clothing must be supervised at all times must follow hand-washing protocols visit and communication recorded on CRIS
How should a practice see an animal with a known zoonotic infection?
at end of day, patient should wait outside, disinfection before next patient, isolation of patients and barrier nursing, move within surgery on trolley or in basket, special care in procedure areas.
How many people develop and die from zoonoses each year?
in EU, 25000 people die from MDR/year
estimated cost is 1.5 billion euros
5-12.5% people entering hospitals develop an infection
What are risk factors for multi-drug resistance?
advanced age underlying disease and illness severity inter-institutional patient transfer prolonged hospitalisation GIT surgery or transplantation exposure to invasive devices (central venous catheters) exposure to AMs
What is ‘PROTECT’?
BSAVA policy: Practice policy Reducing prohylaxis Other options Types of bacteria and drugs Employing the correct AB Cytology and culture Treating effectively
What are the clinical signs of rabies?
lethargy, inappetance, diarrhoea, vomiting, behavioural change, salivation, focal or unilateral cranial nerve involvement.
BE AWARE OF THESE!!!
What % of wound infections are due to carrier strains of S.aureus in dogs?
80%
