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PMVPH > Nutritional Imbalances in Companion Animals > Flashcards

Nutritional Imbalances in Companion Animals Flashcards

1
Q

Incidence of obesity in adult dogs

A

24-34%

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2
Q

incidence of obesity in cats

A

less prevalent than in dogs, about 19% but increasing now between 25% and 40%

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3
Q

Define obesity

A

an excess of body fat sufficient to result in impairement of health or body function. in people this is generally recognised as 20-25% above ideal body weight

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4
Q

What body system problem is obesity in dogs linked to?

A

MSK system. Severely obese dogs may be at greater risk for anaesthetic and surgical complications, heart or exercise intolerance, and complications from cardiovascular and other disease

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5
Q

Problems that obese fat cats have…3

A

increased risk of MSK problems, DM and hepatic lipidosis

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6
Q

Fundamental cause of all obesity cases = ?

A

imbalance between energy intake and energy expenditure that results in persistent energy surplus

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7
Q

Factors that contribute to obesity

A

ENDOGENOUS or EXOGENOUS
ENDOGENOUS - age, sex, reproductive status, presence of hormonal abnormalities, genetic predisposition
EXOGENOUS - activity level, external influences on food intake, diet composition and palatability, evironment and lifestyle

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8
Q

Dog breeds at an increased risk of obesity =?

A 
labrador retrievers
shetland sheepdogs
golden retrievers
cocker spaniels
dachshunds
miniature schnauzers
springer spaniels
chihuahahs
basset hounds
pugs
(not data for cat breed predilections)
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9
Q

Do intact or neuterd animals tend to weigh less?

A

Intact adult pets (probably a combination of physiological and environmental factors)

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10
Q

When does an pet dog/cats growth rate and energy needs start to decline

A

between 6 months and 1 year (often around the time they are encouraged to be neutered). If owners are not aware of this change and continue to feed their pet the same amount of food, excess weight gain will result.

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11
Q

What are associated with a decreased voluntary physical activity? 2

A

increasing age and change in sexual status

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12
Q

How do the energy needs of an average sized 7 year old dog compare with its needs as a young adult?

A

total daily energy needs may decrease by as much as 20%

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13
Q

What might be the most important factor influencing obesity in companion animals?

A

highly palatable diets (also the feeding of table scraps, particularly in toy breeds)

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14
Q

What does feeding frequency affect?

A

both food intake (increased number of meals per day increases the energy loss to meal-induced thermogenesis) and metabolic efficiency

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15
Q

How can obesity be diagnosed?

A

BCS most suitable in practice. Also deuterium oxide dilution, bioelectrical impedance, ultrasound and dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DEXA).

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16
Q

What can BCS be rated out of? 4

A

3, 5, 6 or 9 points (at RVC we use the 9 point system)

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17
Q

How can you recognise animals that are becoming obese sooner?

A

by recording both body weight and BCS

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18
Q

3 steps to effectively managing obese patients

A
  1. ) recognition of obesity and establishing client communication
  2. ) development of a program that meets the needs of the pet and owner
  3. ) communication and follow-up with the client
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19
Q

What are the 3 components that should be included in any weight loss programme?

A

dietary modification
exercise regime
behaviour modification

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20
Q

What does the success of a weight loss programme hinge on?

A

excellent client compliance (this begins with good client education)

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21
Q

How do you assess obesity (to show client)?

A

using palpation and visual clues, illustrations, educate about health risks associated with obesity. Make the client respinsible!

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22
Q

Aspects of client behaviour to change? 3

A

measuring and monitoring food intake - keep a log
monitoring body weight
increasing pet’s daily exercise
everyone in the household!

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23
Q

What should be considered when formulating a weight loss programme? 3

A

which diet and how much to feed
inclusion or exclusion of treats
exercise

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24
Q

Why shouldn’t the new diet severely restrict diet? 2

A

to ensure pet isn’t chronically hungry and that the owner feels guitly about enforcing the diet (loss of compliance)

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25
Q

What are most calculations based on?

A

pet’s estimated body weight although some are based on the current weight of the obese animal

26
Q

Define MER

A

Maintenance Energy Requirements

27
Q

Define RER

A

Resting energy requirements

28
Q

When might it be better to use RER rather than MER for calculating a diet?

A

RER for overweight animals

29
Q

What is the equation for canine MER?

A

132(BWkg) ^0.75

30
Q

What is the equation for FELINE MER?

A

70(BWkg) OR 100+44(BWkg)

31
Q

What is the equation for CANINE AND FELINE RER?

A

70(BWkg) ^0.75 OR 30(BWkg)+70

32
Q

What is often used as the initial calculated estimate of caloric restriction that should produce appropriate weight loss? (cats and dogs)

A

60% optimal weight MER for dogs and 75% optimal weight MER for cats

33
Q

How do weight loss programs tend to start?

A

by feeding simply RER based on current body weight

34
Q

What should you double check when calculating a new diet?

A

that the number of calories to be consumed to cause weight loss are less than the total number of calories the pet is currently eating (it isn’t uncommon for the most severe caloric restriction to indicate than an animal will lose weight by consuming more calories than it is currently eating! In these instances it may be necessary to restrict caloric intake to an amount markedly less than calculated) DON’T OVERLOOK THIS!

35
Q

What is an unhealthy amount of body weight to loose? Why?

A

loss of more than 2% a week because a greater proportion of lead body tissue loss often occurs

36
Q

How long may it take to achieve an ideal body weight in severely obese dogs and cats?

A

8 to 12 months

37
Q

What effect does rate of body loss have on ability to maintain new ideal weight?

A

one study suggests that a slower rate of weight loss results in a better chance that the animal will maintain the reduced weight long term

38
Q

What is the benefit of low calorie high fibre foods formulated for weight loss?

A

typically contain nutrient levels adjusted for the anticipated calorie restriction thu sby using these diets, patients can receive normal levels of most other nutrients, while decreasing fat and calories. fibre may provide a satiety effect

39
Q

What does an increased protein:calorie ratio do?

A

allows animals to maintain their protein intake which helps facilitate fat loss whilst minimising loss of lean body mass

40
Q

Should you eliminate treats entirely?

A

No - these form an important part of the human-animal bond so this may loose you client trust. treats should be limited to 10% of the animal’s daily caloric intake (low fat commercial treats or apples, raw carrots)

41
Q

Why encourage exercise?

A 
can increase calorie expenditure
help maintain lean body mass
stimulate basal energy metabolism
interaction between pet/owner
substitute for treats
increase exercise for client too
42
Q

How soon should a vet do a telephone follow up after initiating a weight loss programme?

A

1-2 weeks to emphasise to client its importance and to clear up any difficulties

43
Q

How often should you adjust the pet’s feeding requirement?

A

on a monthly basis

44
Q

List 3 canine osteoarticular disorders that are affected by weight.

A

hip dysplasia
elbow dysplasia
osteochondrosis

45
Q

What is the result of overnutrition in growing puppies?

A

Causes more rapid growth and leads to overload of the juvenile skeleton and its support system –> leads to the development of osteochondrosis, hip dysplasia and fragmentation and fissures of the coronoid process. interestingly protein content doesn’t seem to contribute to the development of these disorders

46
Q

What is nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Growing young animals have a high requirement for calcium. Animals fed diets deficient in calcium or vitamin D or that have excessive phosphorous (such as all meat diets) reuslt in increased PTH levels as a compensatory mechanism to restore Ca/P balance.

47
Q

Clinical signs of nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

usually referable to the skeletal system with developmental abnormalities in young growing cats and dogs
severe osteopaenia and hypocalcaemia (as pathologic fractures, mm twitching and seizures)

48
Q

When might PTH levels be quite elevated?

A

low to normal serum calcium
low to normal serum phosphorus
slightly increased calcitriol
low 25 (OH) vitamin D levels

49
Q

Define BARF diets

A

bones and raw food, or biologically appropriate raw food

50
Q

Define panosteitis

A

a bone condition of dogs characterised by bone proliferation and remodelling. often painful. lameness most common sign. self-limiting. cause unknown. may be a clinical consequence of excess energy or excess calcium.

51
Q

Risks of excess calcium 4

A

osteochondrosis
panosteitis
radius curvus syndrome
wobbler syndrome (young dogs)

52
Q

Risk of excess vitamin D 2

A

osteochondrosis

radius curvus synrome

53
Q

Risk of excess Ca and P 2

A

osteochondrosis

radius curvus syndrome

54
Q

Define osteochondrosis

A

a focal disturbance of endochondral ossification. oesteochondritis is a form of this

55
Q

Risks of Ca deficiency 2

A

hyperparathyroidism

pathological fractures

56
Q

Risk of vitamin D deficiency 3

A

rickets
bowed legs
pathological fractures

57
Q

Risk of protein deficiency in growing dogs

A

DCM - dilated cardiomyopathy (e.g. severe protein restriction in dalmation pups for fear of urolithiasis)

58
Q

Risk of taurine deficiency in cats 2

A

DCM - dilated cardiomyopathy

retinal degneration

59
Q

When would a cat get taurine deficiency?

A

unbalanced diets - unsupplemented vegetarian diets

60
Q

Risk of thiamine deficinecy = ? When?

A

neurological signs (e.g. feeding raw fish to cats)

PMVPH (33 decks)

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