Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

IFRE 2501 Block 2 > PRAY FOR MOJO > Flashcards

PRAY FOR MOJO Flashcards

1
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary

+++++++++++++++++++

NOTAM (notice to airmen)

A

A notice distributed by means of telecommunication containing information concerning the establishment, condition or change in any aeronautical facility, service, procedure or hazard, the timely knowledge of which is essential to personnel concerned with flight operations.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > ATS Surveillance Equipment > Situation Display > Altitude Filters

+++++++++++++++++++++++++++

Select altitude filters that include, as a minimum, the following limits:

A
  • The altitudes normally within the jurisdiction of your sector
  • The first usable altitude in any vertically adjoining airspace under the jurisdiction of another controller, plus 200 feet beyond that altitude
  • If the boundary between vertically adjoined sectors is in RVSM airspace, 2,000 feet plus 200 feet
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

MATS ACC > Service Fundamentals > Unit Fundamentals > Publications

++++++++++++++++++++++++
Comply with:

A
  • Directives
  • Information Bulletins
  • Director Approval Letters (DAL)
  • Unit procedures (They may supplement, but not contradict, procedures in this manual.)
  • Memorandums
  • Information Circulars (AIC)
  • Agreements
  • Arrangements
  • Other items, as required
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

ATSAMM – Glossary

++++++++++++++

AGREEMENT

A

An administrative or operational accord between NAV CANADA and one or more outside parties regarding the provision of Air Traffic Services.

Agreement: between NAV CANADA and an outside agency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ATSAMM – Glossary

+++++++++++++++++++++++

ARRANGEMENT

A

An administrative or operational accord between NAV CANADA units regarding the provision of Air Traffic Services

Arrangement: between NAV CANADA and NAV CANADA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What Information is in an Operations Directive?

Operations directives may supplement but not contradict MATS, and are used for information related to any of the following:

++++++++++++++++++++

A
  • Provision of air traffic services
  • Operation of aircraft, such as aircraft operating characteristics
  • Amendment of current operations directives or unit documentation
  • Annual reminders about seasonal operations such as snow removal, de-icing, forest firefighting, thunderstorm procedures, or runway maintenance.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What Information is in a Staff Memo?

+++++++++++++++++++

A

Staff memos are used for information of a non-operational nature

  • employee relations
  • unit housekeeping
  • administrative practices.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Danger and restricted areas may see the following types of activity:

+++++++++++++++++++++=

A
  • Drug patrol
  • Intercept operations
  • Live firing
  • Fisheries patrol
  • Naval activity
  • High speed military exercises
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

ADVISORY CODES

+++++++++++++++++++

A

P – parachuting
A– acrobatic
S – soaring
T – training
F – aircraft test
H – hang gliding
M – military operations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

MATS ACC > Flight Information > Information Service > Flight
Hazards

If information is available, advise pilots when their aircraft has entered, or is about to enter:

A
  • Active Class F airspace
  • Airspace restricted by the Minister
  • An MOA
  • Active American special-use airspace
  • ATFR.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

MATS ACC > Separation > Separation from Special-Use Airspace > Canadian Class F Airspace

+++++++++++++++++++

Do not apply separation between an aircraft and Class F airspace or a Canadian Military Operations Area (MOA) if one of the following applies:

A
  • The aircraft is operating in an ALTRV.
  • The pilot states having obtained permission from the user agency to enter the airspace.
  • The user agency releases the airspace to the controlling agency
  • The pilot has been cleared for a contact or visual approach.

The DAH states the times that Class F airspace is active. A user agency may release an area in part or in total when not in use to a controlling agency. In such cases, ATC may advise the aircraft that the airspace is inactive and issue a clearance. Such provisions for release should be contained in an agreement between the user and controlling agency. Areas released use assume the same airspace classification as the surrounding airspace

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary

+++++++++++++++

FIX

A

A geographical location determined either by visual reference to the ground or by means of radio aids or other navigational devices.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

MATS ACC > Service Fundamentals > ATS Surveillance Service

You may apply ATS surveillance control procedures, provided:

A
  • The aircraft is identified
  • The aircraft is in controlled airspace, except as described in Vectoring into Class G Airspace.
  • You are in direct communication with the pilot, unless
    ◦ The aircraft has been cleared for an approach.
    ◦ You have transferred communication to the tower.
  • You are satisfied that the displayed ATS surveillance information is adequate.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Identification Methods

You may use any of the following methods to identify an aircraft:

A
  • Identification by Handoff or Point-Out
  • Appropriate PPS Changes
  • Flight Identification in ADS-B Data Tag
  • Aircraft Position and Movements on Situational Display
  • Data Tag ACID in Adjacent Airspace
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Identification Methods

Identification by Handoff or Point-Out

A

You may consider the aircraft identified after a handoff or point-out.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Identification Methods

Appropriate PPS Changes

You may consider the aircraft identified when you observe an appropriate change in the PPS in any of the following situations:

A
  • After the pilot is instructed to operate the aircraft’s transponder Ident feature
  • After the pilot is instructed to change to a transponder code that results in linkage, or that subsequently displays the data tag
  • After the pilot is instructed to change the transponder to “standby” In this situation, the PPS disappears or changes to a PSR symbol. When the pilot is requested to return the transponder to normal operation, the PPS reappears or changes to an SSR symbol. Take enough time to determine that the change is a result of the pilot’s action.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Identification Methods

Flight Identification in ADS‑B Data Tag

A

You may consider the aircraft identified when the flight identification element in an ADS-B data tag is recognized and is consistent with the aircraft’s expected position.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Identification Methods

Aircraft Position and Movements on Situational Display

You may consider the aircraft identified when you observe the aircraft on the situational display and one of the following conditions applies:

A
  • The aircraft’s position is both:
    ◦ Within one mile of the departure end of the take‑off runway
    ◦ Consistent with the time of takeoff and the route of flight or assigned heading of the aircraft
  • The aircraft’s position over a fix or an OMNI and DME NAVAID is consistent with a position report received directly from the pilot, and the following apply:
    ◦ The aircraft’s track is consistent with the route of flight or reported heading of the aircraft.
    ◦ The position of the fix or the OMNI and DME NAVAID is accurately indicated on the situation display.
  • The aircraft’s position relative to a fix or an OMNI and DME NAVAID is consistent with a position report received directly from the pilot in the form of a DME or GPS report, and the following apply:
    ◦ The aircraft’s track is consistent with the route of flight or reported heading of the aircraft.
    ◦ The position of the fix or the OMNI and DME NAVAID is accurately indicated on the situation display.
  • The aircraft carries out a specified identifying turn of at least 30°, and the following apply:
    ◦ Except in the case of a lost aircraft, a position report received directly from the aircraft indicates that the aircraft is within ATS surveillance coverage of the area being displayed.
    ◦ Only one aircraft is observed to have carried out the specified turn.
    ◦ The track is observed to be consistent with the heading or track of the aircraft both before and after completion of the turn.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Identification Doubtful or Lost
+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++
If identification becomes doubtful or is lost, immediately do either of the following:

A
  • Identify or re-identify the aircraft using the same technique more than once or use more than one of the techniques provided in Identification Methods.
  • Terminate ATS surveillance service and apply procedural separation.

When identification is lost, inform the pilot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Identification
Doubtful or Lost

++++++++++++++++++++++++

Identification may be be doubtful due to:

A
  • The position or movement of other aircraft
  • The observation of more than 1 aircraft responding to an identification procedure
  • Temporary loss of the PPS
  • Coasting of PPS
  • Merging of PPS
  • Ambiguous PPS
  • Display Clutter
  • Other Circumstances
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Handoffs > Transferring Controller

If an aircraft will enter another sector or unit’s airspace, initiate a handoff if any of the following apply:

A
  • You are applying ATS surveillance separation between the concerned aircraft and another aircraft that was, is, or will be transferred.
  • ATS Surveillance separation is normally applied in the receiving controller’s airspace.
  • Handoffs are specified as a standard procedure in an agreement, arrangement, or unit directive.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Is a handoff a transfer of control?
++++++++++++++++++++++

A

NO!

A handoff is not a transfer of control, however, coordination of control transfer may be required, or carried out coincidentally with a handoff.

23
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Handoffs > Transferring Controller
++++++++++++++++++++++++

Complete a handoff before the aircraft passes any of the following:

A
  • The sector or unit boundary
  • A designated control transfer point
  • Any handoff point defined in an arrangement or agreement
24
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Handoffs > Transferring Controller > Verbal Handoff

If unable to do an automated handoff, transfer identification using one of the following methods:

A
  • Inform the receiving sector or unit of:
    ◦ The position of the PPS relative to a point common to both situation displays or to a previously transferred aircraft that is identified
    ◦ The aircraft identification or ADS-B Flight ID or, if unlinked, the SSR code
    ◦ Other control information, if required
  • Provide a secure sequence of arriving aircraft as specified in an arrangement.
    ◦ When transferring to an FSS, the predetermined sequence is in relation to a fix as specified in the arrangement.
    ◦ When transferring to a tower, the predetermined sequence is in relation to a control transfer point within the control zone.
  • Physically point to the PPS on the situation display of the receiving controller.
25
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude > Altitude Instructions > Wrong-Way Altitude Assignment

If a cruising altitude inappropriate to the direction of flight is assigned:

A
  • Instruct the pilot to make position reports.
  • Identify the altitude as WRONG WAY for any of these coordination tasks:
    ◦ Passing and receiving a control estimate
    ◦ Giving and receiving a handoff
    ◦ Coordinating with an adjacent sector/unit
26
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Handoffs >
Transferring Controller > Transfer of Identification without a Handoff

You may omit verbal handoffs between sectors or units, provided:

A
  • The procedures are defined in an arrangement.
  • The overlap area and FDBs are displayed at all times.
  • Prior to communication transfer, you inform the receiving controller if the
    aircraft:
    ◦ Is unidentified
    ◦ Has been assigned a cruise climb
    ◦ Is operating at a wrong-way altitude
    ◦ Does not have a valid altitude readout
    ◦ Is operating at an altitude different from that specified in an arrangement
    ◦ Is a non-RVSM aircraft operating in RVSM airspace
  • Prior to communication transfer, you inform the receiving controller of other pertinent information.
27
Q

“CST” displayed on the data tag

Do you have to coordinate with with receiving sector or unit?

A

YES

Unless, you expect the coasting to cease before the aircraft reaches an area when a handoff would normally be accepted

28
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Control Transfer > Responsibilities of Transferring Controller

Relay the following to the receiving controller:

A
  • The appropriate flight data and control information, including amendments
  • Any information received from the pilot or operator concerning the aircraft’s fuel state or fuel reserves

Obtain consent of the receiving controller.

29
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Control Transfer > Responsibilities of Transferring Controller

Transfer control of an IFR or CVFR aircraft to an adjacent sector or unit as follows:

A
  • So that control transfer occurs at the time of crossing the control area boundary as estimated by the sector or unit relinquishing control
  • At a specified time
  • When the aircraft is at specified altitude, fix, or location.
30
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Control Transfer > Responsibilities of Receiving Controller

Unless specifically coordinated or as specified in a unit directive, an agreement, or an arrangement, assume control of an aircraft only after it is in your area of jurisdiction.

A
  1. Accept control as requested or subject to any necessary condition.
  2. Specify any information or instruction that the pilot must have at the point of transfer.
  3. Specify any other required information.
31
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary

+++++++++++++++++

HANDOFF

A

The process of transferring the identification of an aircraft and radio communications for that aircraft to another sector or unit.

32
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Flight Data Coordination > IFR Unit to IFR Unit

15 minutes or more before an IFR or CVFR aircraft is estimated to enter an adjacent IFR unit’s area, forward the flight data and control information indicated in Flight Data and Control Information.

A

1) Aircraft Identification
2) Aircraft Type
-Prefixed by number of aircraft if more than 1
-Include the appropriate equipment suffix
-The word HEAVY identifies a heavy aircraft
3) Speed (at least one of)
-Filed true airspeed in knots
-Mach number
-Actual ground speed
-Indicated air speed
4) SSR Code Assignment (if necessary)
5) Point of Departure
6) Remaining Portion of the Flight Route
7) Estimated time and altitude over the last fix within the control area or other point agreed to by the concerned units
8) Altitude of entry into the adjacent units sector
-if different than altitude over the last fix
9) Estimated Time of Arrival
-As specified in the flight plan, if requested
10) Clearance Information, includes:
-Clearance limit, if other than the destination airport
-Special instructions, if issued
11) The fact that the aircraft is on a diversion, if applicable
12) Altitude Requested, if different from assigned altitude
13) Other information, as appropriate

33
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Flight Data Coordination > IFR Unit to IFR Unit

Where units are connected by a functioning data transfer link…

A
  • point of departure
  • aircraft type
  • speed
  • SSR code assignment
  • destination
  • remaining portion of the flight route

do not require confirmation by controllers passing and receiving estimates. If amendments to this data have been made and are not included in the original flight plan message, controller confirmation is required

34
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Flight Data Coordination > IFR Unit to IFR Unit > Verbal Coordination

Where a functioning CAATS data link provides control estimates, coordinate the following data verbally:

A
  • Loss of RVSM certification due to an equipment failure in flight
  • Status of a non–RVSM aircraft authorized to operate in RVSM airspace
  • Identification of an altitude as wrong way
  • Identification of block altitudes
  • Identification of altitude readouts that are invalid or not validated
  • Identification of cruise climb altitudes
  • Automatic altitude reporting turned off
  • Aircraft transponder unserviceable, malfunctioning, set to standby, or turned off
  • The separation minima being applied in procedural airspace if less than 10 minutes longitudinal
  • Aircraft operating within an altitude reservation or engaged in an aerial survey mapping flight, or test flight
  • Aircraft engaged in a formation flight
35
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Flight Data Coordination > Reading Back Flight Data Transfer

Except when using electronic means, when passing or receiving data for an IFR or CVFR flight, do the following:

A
  • Aircraft Identification
  • Altitude Information
  • Estimate or actual time for the fix
    • if a handoff will follow between the sector or units concerned, you may omit a readback of the estimate
36
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Flight Data Coordination > IFR Unit to IFR Unit

Forward the following to an IFR unit or sector:

A
  • Revisions to previously passed data
  • Control estimate time revisions of 3 minutes or more
37
Q

MATS ACC > Separation > Separation from Special-Use Airspace >Canadian Class F Airspace > CYA Incursions

If a pilot operating in controlled airspace requests a clearance to penetrate Class F Advisory airspace or fly closer to it than separation minima would permit without permission from the user agency,

A

Advise the pilot that you are unable to provide an IFR clearance.

If the pilot insists on penetrating the Class F Advisory airspace or flies closer to it than separation minima permit, issue an advisory.

38
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Flight Data Coordination > IFR Unit to IFR Unit

Forward the following to an IFR unit or sector:

A
  • Revisions to previously passed data
  • Control estimate time revisions of 3 minutes or more
39
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Identification Doubtful or Lost

+++++++++++++++++++++++++

Consider identification to be lost if a linked PPS ceases to be displayed after “CST” is displayed in its data tag, unless either of the following applies:

A
  • You are able to maintain identification of an unlinked PPS being displayed for the aircraft.
  • The PPS re-links within a sufficiently short period such that, considering the progress of the aircraft, you have no doubt about its identity.
40
Q

MATS ACC > ATS Surveillance > Identification > Point-Outs > Originating Controller

Use a point out to obtain approval from another controller before permitting an identified aircraft to enter or infringe on that controller’s airspace when control and radio communication will not be transferred and either of the following situations applies:

A
  • An aircraft will or may enter airspace that is under the jurisdiction of another controller.
  • An aircraft will operate in the protected buffer zone dividing sector/unit boundaries as described in ATS Surveillance Separation From an ATS Surveillance Boundary.
41
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Communication and Coordination > Control Transfer > Responsibilities of Transferring Controller

Transfer control of an IFR or CVFR aircraft to an adjacent sector or unit as follows:

A
  • So that control transfer occurs at the time of crossing the control area boundary as estimated by the sector or unit relinquishing control
  • At a specified time
  • When the aircraft is at specified altitude, fix, or location.
42
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude> Altitude Instructions > RVSM

Do not clear a non-RVSM aircraft to enter RVSM airspace unless the aircraft is any of the following:

A
  • Conducting a flight check of a NAVAID
  • On an initial delivery flight
  • An aircraft that was formerly RVSM-certified but has experienced an equipment failure and is being flown to a maintenance facility for repair/recertification
  • Conducting a monitoring/certification or developmental flight
  • A photographic survey aircraft
  • A state aircraft
  • A mercy or humanitarian flight
43
Q

Operators are permitted to file a flight plan to conduct the climb/descent through RVSM airspace only if….

A

… the aircraft is capable of a continuous climb/descent through RVSM airspace at a normal rate and does not need to level off at an intermediate altitude for operational considerations

44
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude > Altitude Instructions > RVSM

Provided a non-RVSM aircraft will be separated from other aircraft by the applicable vertical, lateral, or longitudinal separation minimum, you may do either of the following:

A
  • Clear the aircraft to climb or descend through RVSM airspace.
  • Level-off the aircraft in RVSM airspace for traffic management
45
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude > Altitude Instructions > Wrong-Way Altitude Assignment

You may assign an altitude inappropriate to the direction of flight in the following situations:

A
  • The following conditions apply:
    ◦ No alternate separation minima can be applied.
    ◦ The altitude has been approved by affected sectors/units.
    ◦ The aircraft will be cleared to an appropriate altitude as soon as the
    conditions permit.
  • The airspace is structured for one-way traffic flow
  • Transitioning to or from oceanic airspace within 200 miles along the aircraft track from the oceanic entry or exit point
  • A pilot requests the altitude because of icing, turbulence, or fuel considerations and the following apply:
    ◦ The pilot informs you of the time or location that the aircraft can be cleared to an appropriate altitude
    ◦ The altitude has been approved by affected sectors/units
46
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude > Altitude Instructions > Wrong-Way Altitude Assignment

You may assign an altitude inappropriate to the direction of flight in the following situations:

  • An aircraft is doing any of the following:
A

◦ Operating on a polar route
◦ Engaged in an aerial survey, mapping flight, or test flight
◦ Transitioning to or from oceanic airspace within 200 miles along the aircraft track from the oceanic entry or exit point

◦ Conducting a flight check of a NAVAID
◦ Holding
◦ Operating within an altitude reservation
◦ Arriving
◦ Departing

47
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude > Altitude Instructions > Wrong-Way Altitude Assignment

Issue vectors or offset tracks to establish an aircraft at least 5 miles from the centreline of the airway or published track otherwise authorized if:

A
  • The aircraft is in high-level surveillance-controlled airspace.
  • You are assigning an altitude inappropriate to the direction of flight in one of the following situations:
    ◦ No alternate separation minima can be applied.
    ◦ A pilot requested an inappropriate altitude because of icing, turbulence, or fuel considerations, and has informed you of the time or location at which the flight can be cleared to an appropriate altitude that has already been approved by affected sectors or units.
  • The airway or published track is shown on the display.
48
Q

MATS ACC > Separation > ATS Surveillance Separation > ATS Surveillance Separation Using Parallel Offset

You may use parallel offset techniquesin a ATS surveillance environment, provided:

A
  • The pilot confirms the capability to offset.
  • The minimum offset value ensures the appropriate ATS surveillance separation minimum will exist.
  • You cancel the parallel offset when it is no longer required.
49
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude > Altitude Instructions > Block Altitude

On pilot request, you may assign a block altitude, provided that you adhere to procedures contained in Wrong-Way Altitude Assignment, and one of the following two conditions applies:

A
  • There are icing, turbulence, or fuel considerations, and the following apply:
    ◦ The pilot informs you of the time or location that the aircraft can be cleared to an appropriate altitude.
    ◦ The altitude has been approved by affected sectors/units.
  • The pilot is on an IFR training flight, MEDEVAC flight, or is flight-checking a NAVAID.
50
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Enroute Operations > Altitude > Altitude Instructions > Block Altitude

If the aircraft is conducting an aerial survey, mapping flight, test flight, or special military activity, you may approve a block altitude, provided that you identify the altitude as BLOCK for any of the following coordination tasks:

A
  • Passing and receiving a control estimate
  • Giving and receiving a handoff
  • Coordinating with an adjacent sector/unit
51
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary

RECIPROCAL TRACK

A

In the application of separation, a term used to indicate tracks that converge or diverge at an angle of 136° to 180° inclusive

52
Q

MATS ACC > Glossary

REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMUM (RVSM)

A

The application of 1000 ft vertical separation between RVSM aircraft in RVSM airspace

53
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Clearances and Instructions > Amending Clearances or Instructions

++++++++++++++++++++++++

If a pilot requests a flight plan change:

A
  • Approve the change and include the exact nature of the change in the clearance.
  • If you are unable to approve the change, provide the following to the pilot:
    ◦ The reason for non-approval
    ◦ If appropriate, a suggested alternative
54
Q

MATS ACC > Traffic Management > Clearances and Instructions > Issuing and Relaying > Correcting a Clearance or Instruction

A

Identify and correct any errors made during delivery of a clearance or instruction.
If there is any possibility of misunderstanding, cancel and restate the clearance in full.

IFRE 2501 Block 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions