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Praxis SLP > Praxis Study Guide (Part 2) > Flashcards

Praxis Study Guide (Part 2) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are axons bound together by connective tissue? They are a group of fibers outside the CNS. Spinal nerves contain fibers of sensory and motor neurons.

A

Nerves

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2
Q

What are individual cells in the brain? Examples include dendrites, axons, and cell bodies.

A

Neurons

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3
Q

What are the group of fibers inside the CNS? The spinal tracts carry information up/down the spinal cord, to and from the brain.

A

Tracts

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4
Q

What are the motor nerves where the brain sends signals down to the nerve to innervate a muscle? (Exits)

A

Efferent

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5
Q

What are the sensory nerves where the signal comes up from the sensory organ via a nerve to the brain? (Arrives)

A

Afferent

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6
Q

What are the tracts that carry fibers to the spinal cord/brainstem? They originate in the cerebral cortex and have voluntary control of the body and face muscles.

A

Pyramidal Tracts

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7
Q

What are the tracts that carry fibers to the spinal cord that originate in the brainstem? They have involuntary and automatic control (tone, balance, posture, etc.)

A

Extrapyramidal Tracts

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8
Q

What neurons are found in the cerebral cortex/brainstem and transmit nerve impulses from the brain to the lower motor neurons?

A

Upper Motor Neurons

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9
Q

What neurons are found in the brainstem/spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses from the upper motor neurons to muscles?

A

Lower Motor Neurons

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10
Q

What tract has synapses that terminate in the spinal cord? It controls movements in the limbs and trunk.

A

Corticospinal

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11
Q

What tract has synapses that terminate in the brainstem? It controls the muscles of the face, head, and neck.

A

Corticobulbar

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12
Q

One side innervating

A

Unilateral

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13
Q

Both sides innervating

A

Bilateral

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14
Q

Same side of body

A

Ipsilateral

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15
Q

Opposite side of body

A

Contralateral

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16
Q

Near given position

A

Proximal

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17
Q

Away from given position

A

Distal

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18
Q

In front of

A

Anterior

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19
Q

Behind

A

Posterior

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20
Q

Above

A

Superior

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21
Q

Below

A

Inferior

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22
Q

Front, towards the nose

A

Rsotral

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23
Q

Back, towards the tail

A

Caudal

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24
Q

What system is made up of the brain and spinal cord?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS)

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25
Q

What system is made up of all other nerves except for the brain and spinal cord? For example, it includes the cranial nerves and the spinal nerves.

A

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

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26
Q

What are the involuntary muscle systems? It makes up cardiac and smooth muscles and glands.

A

Autonomic

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27
Q

What are the voluntary muscle systems? It includes the skeletal muscles.

A

Somatic

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28
Q

What division provides the “fight or flight” response? It is part of the Automatic portion of the PNS.

A

Sympathetic Division

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29
Q

What division controls the body’s functions at rest? It is part of the Automatic portion of the PNS.

A

Parasympathetic Division

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30
Q

What division of the brain processes sensory information, reasons/problem-solves, and controls automatic motor functions? It is the largest brain division and has 2 subdivisions.
Telencephalon = Cerebral cortex that is divided into 4 major lobes (Frontal, Parietal, Temporal, and Occipital)
Diencephalon = Connects endocrine with nervous system (Thalamus, Hypothalamus, Pineal Gland)

A

Forebrain

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31
Q

What division of the brain regulates movement and processes auditory and visual information? It connects the forebrain to the hindbrain and has 2 main parts (Tectum and Paired Cerebral Peduncles).

A

Midbrain

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32
Q

What division of the brain regulates autonomic functions, balance, equilibrium, and relay of sensory information? It has 2 subdivisions: Metencephalon and Myelencephalon.
Metencephalon = Pons & cerebellum
Myelencephalon = Medula oblongata

A

Hindbrain

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33
Q

Location: front area of skull, composed of two hemispheres (left/right)
Function: “thinking portion” of brain; most complex cognitive functions

A

Cerebrum

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34
Q

Location: base of brain-cerebrum juncture + spinal cord; midbrain, pons & medulla
Function: automatic reflexes/vegetative functions (e.g., breathing, heart rate, etc.)

A

Brainstem

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35
Q

Location: hangs off the back of the brainstem under the occipital lobe
Function: voluntary movements; balance, coordination, posture, attention

A

Cerebellum

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36
Q

Location: lower portion of brainstem, below pons
Function: regulates respiration, heart rate + reflexes such as vomiting, swallowing

A

Medulla

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37
Q

Location: middle portion of the brainstem
Function: attachment between cerebellum and rest of CNS

A

Pons

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38
Q

Location: upper (superior) most part of the brainstem
Function: houses substantial nigra (production of neurotransmitter - dopamine)

A

Midbrain

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39
Q

Location: deep within cerebral hemispheres (either side of the thalamus); telencephalon
Function: fine-tunes voluntary body movements, motor coordination, posture

A

Basal Ganglia

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40
Q

Location: housed within the bony vertebral column, PNS begins here
Function: allows afferent impulses to transmit to the brain + efferent from brain-body

A

Spinal Cord

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41
Q

Location: top of brainstem; core of diencephalon
Function: relay center for sensory signals; and also motor

A

Thalamus

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42
Q

Location: below thalamus; posterior to the optic chiasm
Function: homeostasis, regulates hunger/thirst, pain/pleasure, anger/aggression

A

Hypothalamus

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43
Q

Location: within the inferior and medial section of the temporal lobe
Function: responsible for new memories, emotions, spatial navigation

A

Hippocampus

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44
Q

Location: nuclei located within temporal lobes
Function: responsible for emotions, arousal, motivation

A

Amygdala

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45
Q

Location: Brodmann area 41
Function: auditory processing/sensory hearing area

A

Heschl’s Gyrus

46
Q

Location: area 39
Function: involved in semantic processing, language, and cognition / complex language-related functions

A

Angular Gyrus

47
Q

Location: area 44
Function: motor speech area; speech production

A

Broca’s Area

48
Q

Location: area 22
Function: language comprehension area; processing

A

Wernicke’s Area

49
Q

Location: area 17
Function: visual processing area

A

Primary Visual Area

50
Q

Location: area 1, 2, 3
Function: somatic sensations processing area

A

Primary Sensory Area

51
Q

Location: area 4
Function: planning + execution of movements

A

Primary Motor Area

52
Q

Which hemisphere is language dominant? Damage to this hemisphere leads to aphasia.

A

Left Hemisphere

53
Q

Which hemisphere is the supporting language hemisphere? Damage to this hemisphere will lead to higher-order language and perceptual damage

A

Right Hemisphere

54
Q

Which lobe of the brain is the primary motor area and controls executive function and motor movements? It controls Broca’s area (speech production), memory, attention, and motivation. It also controls language production, cognitive functions, and voluntary movement.

A

Frontal Lobe

55
Q

Which lobe of the brain functions in auditory processing, language comprehension, and memory? It contains Wernicke’s area (language comprehension/processing) and helps with memory.

A

Temporal Lobe

56
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains the sensory-motor area? It functions in spatial reasoning, math, reading, sensation, hearing, smell, taste, and touch.

A

Parietal Lobe

57
Q

Which lobe of the brain contains the visual area? It receives visual cues from the opposite visual fields and functions in color identification, vision, and visual processing.

A

Occipital Lobe

58
Q

What connects the internal carotid and vertebral/basilar system? It contains the Middle Cerebral Artery, the Anterior Cerebral Artery, and the Posterior Cerebral Artery.

A

Circle of Willis

59
Q

What artery extends upward and forward from the internal carotid artery? It provides blood supply to the frontal and parietal lobes, basal ganglia, and corpus callosum. A stroke in this area will lead to opposite leg weakness!

A

Anterior Cerebral Artery

60
Q

What artery is the largest branch of the internal carotid? It supplies blood to Broca’s and Wernicke’s area, the temporal lobe, and the primary motor cortex. This is the artery that is most often occluded in a stroke.

A

Middle Cerebral Artery

61
Q

Which artery is the stem from the basilar artery (in most people)? It supplies blood to the occipital lobes, the cerebellum, and the inferior temporal.

A

Posterior Cerebral Artery

62
Q

What matter has 3 primary types in the CNS (Association, Commissural, and Projection Fibers)?

A

White Matter

63
Q

What fibers are interhemispheric and connect the right and left hemispheres? They interconnect identical and corresponding areas of 2 cerebral hemispheres.

A

Commissural Fibers

64
Q

What fibers are Intra hemispheric and have connections within the same hemisphere? They connect different regions of the cerebral cortex within the same hemisphere.

A

Association Fibers

65
Q

What fibers leave cerebral white matter? They connect the cerebral cortex to the brainstem and below.

A

Projection Fibers

66
Q

This cranial nerve has both sensory and motor involvement and it originates in the Pons. It provides somatic sensation to the face, lips, and jaw, helps control the position of the bolus in the mouth/cheeks, and oral mucosa, teeth, and gum sensation. It also controls the muscles of mastication, and assists in the elevation of the hyoid and larynx. This cranial nerve is CN V.

A

Trigeminal

67
Q

This cranial nerve has both sensory and motor involvement and it originates in the Pons. It allows for lip (shape, motion, and seal), tone/movement of the cheeks, elevation of the hyoid, and facial movement and expression. It also facilitates taste for the anterior 2/3 of the tongue, stimulates the salivary glands, and gives sensation to the face/oral cavity/soft palate. This cranial nerve is CN VII.

A

Facial

68
Q

This cranial nerve has both sensory and motor involvement and it originates in the Medulla. It controls the larynx, pharynx, abdominal viscera, and velum movement. This cranial nerve is CN XI.

A

Vagus

69
Q

This cranial nerve has motor involvement and it originates in the Medulla. It innervates all intrinsic muscles of the tongue but 1 extrinsic muscle and it controls tongue motion, bolus preparation, removing food particles, and mixing the bolus with saliva. It functions in transporting the bolus to the pharynx and is CN XII.

A

Hypoglossal

70
Q

This cranial nerve has motor involvement and it originates in the Medulla/Spinal Cord. It controls the shoulder and neck muscles (sternocleidomastoid, temporalis muscles), velopharyngeal closure, head-turning, should shrug, and also assists with vagus nerve movement. It is CN XI.

A

Accessory

71
Q

This cranial nerve has both sensory and motor involvement and it originates in the Medulla. It controls larynx/pharynx elevation (superior portion), stylopharyngeus muscle, and pharyngeal constriction/shortening. It also allows for taste (posterior 1/3 of the tongue) and stimulates the parotid gland (saliva) and the gag reflex. It is CN IX.

A

Glossopharyngeal

72
Q

Motor:
–open/close jaw
–open jaw against resistance
–move jaw side to side
–clench teeth
Sensory
–sensation of cheeks/forehead/chin (patient closes eyes and identifies where he/she feels clinician tough on face)

A

Assessment of Trigeminal Nerve

73
Q

Motor
–assess facial symmetry
–elevate/depress eyebrows
–protrude/retract lips
–shut eyes tight
Sensory
–taste for sweet, sour, etc. on anterior 2/3 of tongue

A

Assessment of Facial Nerve

74
Q

Motor
–Assess CN IX with CN X
–soft palate at rest
–soft palate during movement (say “ah”)
–lip and VP seal (listen for nasal emission)
Sensory
–taste for sweet, sour, etc. on posterior 1/3 of tongue

A

Assessment of Glossopharyngeal and Vagus Nerves

75
Q

Motor
–head turn
–head turn against resistance
–shoulder shrug (assess symmetry and movement)

A

Assessment of Accessory Nerve

76
Q

Motor
–assess tongue at rest and symmetry
–tongue lateralization (left/right)
–tongue strength: against resistance

A

Assessment of Hypoglossal Nerve

77
Q

What muscle of mastication connects the mandible and the cheekbone? It elevates the mandible and closes the mouth.

A

Masseter Muscle

78
Q

What muscle of mastication is a large, fan-shaped muscle? It retracts and elevates the mandible and allows for side-to-side movement.

A

Temporalis Muscle

79
Q

What muscle of mastication connects the mandible with the maxilla, sphenoid, and palatine bones? It elevates the mandible and protrudes the tongue.

A

Medial Pterygoid

80
Q

What muscle of mastication is a two-headed muscle located in the infratemporal fossa of the skull? It depresses and protrudes the mandible to open the mouth.

A

Lateral Pterygoid

81
Q

What is the process of inspiration and expiration where gas is exchanged (CO2 out and O2 in)

A

Respiration

82
Q

What is the porous, spongy organ of breathing located in the thoracic cavity?

A

Lungs

83
Q

What is the vertebral Column? It contains 7 cervical (neck), 12 thoracic (chest), 5 lumbar (abdomen), 5 sacral fused (lower back), and 3-4 coccygeal fused (lower back).

A

Skeletal Structure

84
Q

What is the type of breathing in which the goal of life is sustenance? It is automatic and consistent.

A

Vegetative Breathing

85
Q

What is the type of breathing in which expiration is more important than inspiration because we speak on exhalation?

A

Speech Breathing

86
Q

What is the process of inspiration and expiration?

A

Ventilation

87
Q

During this process, air enters the lungs after the contraction of the inspiratory muscles. The diaphragm contracts and pulls downward, the external intercostal muscles contract, the thoracic cavity expands, and air rushes into the lungs.

A

Process of Inspiration

88
Q

During this process, air exits the lungs after the relaxation of the inspiratory muscles. The diaphragm relaxes and rises, the internal intercostal muscles relax, the thoracic cavity collapses, and air rushes out of the lungs.

A

Process of Exhalation

89
Q

What is the organ at the top of the neck that is involved in breathing, sound production, and aspiration prevention?

A

Larynx

90
Q

What is the area above the vocal folds?

A

Supraglottis

91
Q

What is the area below the vocal folds?

A

Subglottis

92
Q

What is the most inferior cartilage? It is ring-shaped.

A

Cricoid

93
Q

What is the only paired major cartilage?

A

Arytenoid

94
Q

What do the suprahyoid and the stylopharyngeus do?

A

Elevate the Larynx

95
Q

What does the posterior cricoarytenoid do?

A

Vocal Fold Abduction

96
Q

What is the largest cartilage? It is also called Adam’s apple.

A

Thyroid

97
Q

What attaches to the apex of the arytenoid cartilages?

A

Corniculate

98
Q

What does the infrahyoid do?

A

Depress the Larynx

99
Q

What do the lateral cricoarytenoid, transverse arytenoid, oblique arytenoid, cricothyroid, and thyroarytenoid do?

A

Vocal Fold Adduction

100
Q

What is the leaf-shaped structure that protects the airway?

A

Epiglottis

101
Q

What cartilage does not attach to any other cartilages?

A

Cuneiform

102
Q

What structures modulate the flow of air being expelled from the lungs during phonation? There are 3 pairs; the true vocal folds, the aryepiglottic folds, and the ventricular (false) folds).

A

Vocal Folds

103
Q
  1. vocal folds are adducted, and air pressure builds up below them
  2. as air pressure rises, the bottom of folds are forced apart
  3. pressure then forces folds apart at the middle, then at the top, until air freely flows
  4. pressure decreases
  5. as pressure decreases, the folds move toward the midline (bottom first and top last)
A

Vocal Fold Vibration

104
Q

What separtes the larygneal vestibule from the pharynx? It goes from the tips of the arytenoids to the larynx.

A

Aryepiglottic Folds

105
Q

What is caused by contraction of the palatoglossus, tensor veli palatini, and levator veli palatini

A

Velopharyngeal Closure

106
Q

What causes the change in pressures that pull the vocal folds together? The speed of air increases and “sucks” the vocal folds toward one another which leads to the closure of the vocal folds.

A

Bernoulli Effect

107
Q

What is the wave-like motion of the vocal fold cover? It is necessary for vibration and phonation.

A

Mucosal Wave

108
Q

What is the mobile flap of soft tissue that elevates during the swallow to parent food from entering the nasopharynx?

A

Soft Palate

109
Q

What is the part of the digestive and respiratory systems that connects the nose, mouth, and throat?

A

Pharynx

110
Q

What is the upper part of the pharynx that connects the nasal cavity and the throat?

A

Nasopharynx

111
Q

What is the middle part of the pharynx that starts at the soft palate and goes down to the base of the tongue?

A

Oropharynx

112
Q

What is the lower part of the pharynx that is above the larynx and below the oropharynx?

A

Laryngopharynx

Praxis SLP (5 decks)

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