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Praxis SLP > Praxis Study Guide > Flashcards

Praxis Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the period of unintentional communication? It occurs from 0 - 8 months. This period includes reflexive vocalizations, coloring, vocal play, and babbling.

A

Perlocutionary Period

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2
Q

What is the period of intentional communication? It occurs from 9 - 12 months.

A

Illocutionary Period

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3
Q

What is the linguistic stage of development where sounds reflect the body’s automatic responses? It is part of the Perlocutionary Period. It occurs from 0 - 2 months and is defined by the child’s anatomy (e.g., burping, crying, etc.). It will be nasalized vowel-like sounds with minimal resonance.

A

Reflexive Vocalizations

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4
Q

What is the linguistic stage of development where sounds are made in the back of the mouth? It is part of the Perlocutionary Period. It occurs from 2 - 4 months. It includes the back vowels (u, oo, o, ah) and consonants (k, g, ng).

A

Cooing

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5
Q

What is the linguistic stage of development where the child makes raspberries, growls, and squeaks? It is part of the Perlocutionary Period. It occurs from 4 - 6 months and is when we begin to see CV syllables.

A

Vocal Play

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6
Q

What is the linguistic stage of development where reduplicated babbling (CVCV syllable chains - e.g., dada) and variegated babbling (CV chains with variations in C’s and V’s)? It is part of the Perlocutionary Period. It occurs from 6 months +.

A

Babbling

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7
Q

What is the linguistic stage of development where jargon and longer strips of variegated babbling occur? It is part of the Illocutionary Period. It occurs from 9 months +. Babbling is accompanied by sentence-like intonation patterns. Phonetically Consistent Forms (PCFs) are observed.

A

Emergence of Speech Patterns

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8
Q

Receptive Milestones
–reacts to loud sounds
–smiles to familiar voices
–quiets to familiar speakers
Expressive Milestones
–cries for basic needs
–begins to smile at familiar people
–begins to make cooing sounds

A

Birth - 3 Months

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9
Q

Receptive Milestones
–recognizes changes in vocal tone
–eyes move toward sounds
–responds to toys with noise
Expressive Milestones
–babbles and coos during play
–sounds for various emotions
–beings to laugh

A

4 - 6 Months

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10
Q

Receptive Milestones
–recognizes and turns to name
–comprehension of simple words
–plays games, listens to songs
Expressive Milestones
–shows objects by pointing
–begins to use gestures (e.g., waving)
–first words emerge (around 12 months)

A

7 - 12 Montsh

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11
Q

Receptive Milestones
–follows simple 1-step directions
–understands simple questions
–points to objects/pictures named
Expressive Milestones
–begins to put two words together
–asks simple questions
–many new words emerge

A

1 - 2 Years

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12
Q

Receptive Milestones
–follows 2-step directions
–simple opposites (e.g., big vs small)
–easily comprehends new words
Expressive Milestones
–begins to put three words together
–asks “why?”
–simple prepositions (e.g., in, on)

A

2 - 3 Years

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13
Q

Receptive Milestones
–simple concepts (e.g., colors, shapes)
–responds to name (from other room)
–understands family words (e.g., sister)
Expressive Milestones
–puts up to fours words together
–asks “when?” and “why?”
–simple pronouns and some plurals (-s)

A

3 - 4 Years

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14
Q

Receptive Milestones
–understands order words (e.g., first)
–understands time words (e.g., today)
–follow longer multi-step directions
Expressive Milestones
–tells short stories, holds convos
–code switches (based on the listener, place)
–naming of letters, numbers

A

4 - 5 Years

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15
Q

What Brown’s Dates of Morphological Development occurs when there are about 50 words in vocabulary? Basic phrases (with communicative intent) are also observed. It occurs from 12 - 26 months.
Examples = “more juice” “my doll”

A

Brown’s Stage 1

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16
Q

What Brown’s Dates of Morphological Development occurs when present progressive -ing develops? Prepositions, like “in” and “on” and regular plural (-s) also develop. It occurs from 27 - 30 months.
Examples = “man running” “In house” “my kids”

A

Brown’s Stage 2

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17
Q

What Brown’s Dates of Morphological Development occurs when irregular past tense, possessive ‘s, and uncontractible copula (main verb; full form of ‘to be’) develop? It occurs from 31 - 34 months.
Examples = “the bucket” “a drink” “she shopped” “he runs” “daddy’s hat” “he is sick”

A

Brown’s Stage 3

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18
Q

What Brown’s Dates of Morphological Development occurs when third person irregular, uncontractible auxiliary, contractible copular, and contractible auxiliary develop? It occurs from 41 - 46+ months.
Examples = “doggy does tricks” “he was jumping” “she’s happy” “she’s dancing”

A

Brown’s Stage 4

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19
Q

What is the average number of morphemes per utterance?
MLU = total number of morphemes / total number of utterances
12 - 26 months: 1.0 - 2.0
27 - 30 months: 2.0 - 2.5
31 - 34 months: 2.5 - 3.0
35 - 40 months: 3.0 - 3.75
41 - 46 months: 3.75 - 4.5
47 + months: 4.5 +

A

Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)

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20
Q

Cortical changes

A

White Matter

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21
Q

Volume loss

A

Gray Matter

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22
Q

What is age-related hearing loss? It is sensorineural hearing loss and high-frequency loss (hair cell damage).

A

Presbycusis

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23
Q

What is age-related vision loss? It leads to farsightedness and the treatment is reading glasses.

A

Presbyopia

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24
Q

What is age-related voice changes? It leads to a weaker, breathy voice; more breaks/stops. It leads to a higher pitch in men and a lower pitch in women. It also leads to reduced loudness, laryngeal tension, and tremors.

A

Presbyphonia

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25
Q

What is age-related swallow changes? It leads to decrease strength and sensation (taste), slower swallow response, and laryngeal penetration is more common.

A

Presbyphagia

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26
Q

What leads to the general slowing of motor skills in an aging adult? It leads to voice changes and smaller, slower, and more fatigued muscles. Other health issues are also exacerbated by motor changes.

A

Motor Changes

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27
Q

What leads to slowed processing? Language typically remains intact. The individual will have difficulty with recalling new info/specific details and with multitasking/executive function.

A

Cognitive Changes

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28
Q

What is the social, rule-governed tool used to send and receive messages?

A

Language

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29
Q

What is language comprehension? It involves reading and listening. It develops before expression. It is the understanding of language and vocabulary, questions, concepts, and directions.

A

Receptive Language

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30
Q

What is language production? It involves speaking and writing. It is the expression of wants and needs. It is the words and nonverbal communication. It can include gestures, pointing, expressions, and grammar.

A

Expressive Language

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31
Q

Phonology, Syntax, and Morphology make up the ________ of language?
Phonology = speech sounds (no meaning attributed to individual sounds)
Syntax = word order (words strung together to form sentences)
Morphology = word endings (phoneme strings, smallest unit of meaning)

A

Form

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32
Q

Semantics, vocabulary, and how word meanings link make up the ___________ of language?
Semantics = word meanings (morphemes that are strung together to form words; vocabulary and word definitions)

A

Content

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33
Q

Pragmatics and matching language to the situation make up the ____ of language.
Pragmatics = social rules (language rules and how we use language)

A

Use

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34
Q

What is the theory of development that believes language is innate and pre-specified? It states that we are born with LAD (acquisition device) and that language is separate from other cognitive systems. The Nativist-Generative View was created by Chomsky.

A

Nature

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35
Q

What is the theory of development that believes that environment guides language? It states that there is no processor in the brain-specific for language and that you cannot separate language from cognitive systems. It is also called the Constructionist-Interactionist View.

A

Nurture

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36
Q

What language theory believes that children learn language like other cognitive skills (concepts first, then language)? It believes that language is made possible by cognition and other intellectual processes. You can observe a child in play to determine the level of representational thought. It was created by Piaget.

A

Cognitive Theory

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37
Q

What language theory believes that the interpretation of messages requires consideration of meaning? It believes that acquisition is stimulated by the child’s desire to communicate and grow knowledge. It was created by Filmore and Bloom.

A

Semantic Theory

38
Q

What language theory believes that children learn language through conditioning (only what they are exposed to)? It believes that stimulus-response drives language acquisition and the drill & practice lead to reinforcement. It was created by Skinner

A

Behavioral Theory

39
Q

What language theory believes that desire to communicate drives acquisition and encourages social interactions? It believes that we should incorporate caregivers and multiple environments into learning.

A

Social Interactionism

40
Q

What language theory believes that language is data and pattern driven and that children’s ability to use cues develops over time? It is neurologically based.

A

Emergentist Theory

41
Q

What is the hypothesis that children must have adequate stimuli before the “critical age” (5 - 7 years old) or full language command cannot be achieved?
Phonology has the shortest critical period. Children need exposure to phonology in the first years of life to have a native accent.

A

Critical Period Hypothesis

42
Q

What are the early 8 developing sounds?

A

m, b, y, n, w, d, p, h

43
Q

What are the middle 8 developing sounds?

A

t, ng, k, g, f, v, ch, j

44
Q

What are the late 8 developing sounds?

A

sh, zh, l, r, s, z, voiced th, and voiceless th

45
Q

What is the activation of the vocal cords?
It can be voiced or voiceless.

A

Voice

46
Q

What is the point of contact where sound is produced? It can be bilabial, labiodental, interdental, alveolar, palatal, velar, or glottal.

A

Place

47
Q

What is the configuration and interaction between articulators? It can be a stop, fricative, affricate, nasal, liquid, or glide.

A

Manner

48
Q

What place of articulation includes both lips?

A

Bilabial

49
Q

What place of articulation includes the upper front teeth and the lower lip?

A

Labiodental

50
Q

What place of articulation includes the tongue tip near/between the inner surface of the upper teeth?

A

Interdental

51
Q

What place of articulation includes the tongue tip on/near the tooth ridge behind the upper front teeth?

A

Alveolar

52
Q

What place of articulation includes the tongue body to/near the hard palate at the roof of the mouth?

A

Palatal

53
Q

What place of articulation includes the tongue body on/near the velum/soft palate?

A

Velar

54
Q

What place of articulation is made in the throat, between the vocal folds? It is produced by air passing from the windpipe through the vocal cords.

A

Glottal

55
Q

What sounds are produced by selectively amplifying the open vocal tract? F1 and F2 are important for perception. They are classified as front, central, back, and high, middle, low.

A

Vowels

56
Q

What sounds are produced with some constriction (oral semi-vowels, vowel-like)?

A

Liquids and Glides

57
Q

What sounds are produced by occlusion of the vocal tract and an open nasal port? Air flows through the nasal cavity after the velum lowers. It leads to lower resonant frequencies and reduced intensity (nasal murmur).

A

Nasals

58
Q

What sounds are produced by a partial blockage of the vocal tract and airflow through a narrow constriction? It creates a turbulent noise and obstruent sounds.

A

Fricatives

59
Q

What sounds are produced by total occlusion of the vocal tract and a slow release through a narrow channel? It is a combination of a stop (occlusion) and fricative (narrow constriction). They may also be called semi-plosives.

A

Affricates

60
Q

What sounds are produced by a complete blockage of airflow and a sudden release? The pressure build-up creates a noise burst and may also be called plosive. It is perceived based on the frequency of burst and formant transitions. F2 &F3 (burst to vowel).

A

Stops

61
Q

What is the study of language and its relationship with other behaviors? It is an extralinguistic component of communication.

A

Metalinguistic

62
Q

What is communication aspects that are not words (i.e., gestures)? It is an extralinguistic component of communication.

A

Paralinguistic

63
Q

What are sounds not relating to language (i.e., laughing)? It is an extralinguistic component of communication.

A

Nonlinguistic

64
Q

What is another word for breathing? It provides the power and energy for speech. It has 2 phases (inhalation and exhalation).

A

Respiration

65
Q

What is the creation of voice sounds and vocal fold vibration? The rapid vibration of the vocal folds creates acoustic energy.
Pitch = the frequency of vibration
Loudness = intensity of the sound
Quality = the sound quality of the voice

A

Phonation

66
Q

What is the modification of phonation using cavities and structures? Those structures include the pharynx, nasopharynx, nasal cavity, and oral cavity.

A

Resonance

67
Q

What is the manipulation of facial structures into distinct sounds and words? It is the redefining and manipulating of phonation into distinct sounds using the lips, teeth, alveolar ridge, tongue, hard palate, and soft palate/velum.

A

Articulation

68
Q

What occurs when the diaphragm contracts and air rushes into the lungs? The abdomen expands and then the chest expands.

A

Inhalation

69
Q

What occurs when the diaphragm relaxes forcing air back out of the lungs?

A

Exhalation

70
Q

What is the theory that the sound source is filtered and shaped by the resonant vocal tract?

A

Source-Filter Theory

71
Q

What sounds are produced with uninterrupted air?

A

Sonorants

72
Q

What sounds are produced with partial or complete obstruction of airflow?

A

Consonantal

73
Q

What sounds are produced with airflow that is not blocked at any point?

A

Continuants

74
Q

What sounds are high-frequency “hissing” sounds where the air is forced through narrow openings?

A

Sibilants

75
Q

What sounds are produced with constriction and the airstream hits 2 surfaces (intense noise)?

A

Stridents

76
Q

What sounds are produced by some type of air obstruction/constriction?

A

Obstruents

77
Q

What sounds are produced by an airstream the flows around the sides of the tongue (tip to mid alveolar ridge)?

A

Liquids

78
Q

What sounds are consonants with no stop or friction?

A

Glides

79
Q

What is the branch of physics that studies the properties of sound?

A

Acoustics

80
Q

What is resistance when force is exerted upon an object?

A

Inertia

81
Q

What is the tendency for an object to return to its original state?

A

Elasticity

82
Q

What is each individual vibration? The period is the time of 1 full cycle and the frequency is the number of cycles in 1 second.

A

Cycle

83
Q

What is the maximum displacement of particles in a medium? It is perceptually related to intensity/loudness and is not a 1:1 relationship.

A

Amplitude

84
Q

What is the rate at which an object vibrates? It is the number of cycles in 1 second (hertz). It is perceptually related to pitch and is not a 1:1 relationship.

A

Frequency

85
Q

What is the amount of time required for 1 complete cycle? You need this to figure out the frequency.

A

Period (T)

86
Q

What has only 1 frequency? It is a sinusoidal motion or simple harmonic motion.

A

Pure Tones

87
Q

What are periodic cycles that will repeat themselves identically?

A

Sine Waves

88
Q

Complex: more than 1 frequency present
Periodic: the complex pattern repeats over time

A

Complex Periodic Waves

89
Q

Complex: more than 1 frequency present
Aperiodic: no cyclical or pattern behavior

A

Complex Aperiodic Waves

90
Q

What is the lowest pure tone component of sound?

A

Fundamental Frequency (F0)

91
Q

What are all other frequencies present in a sound (excluding fundamental)?

A

Partials/Overtones

92
Q

What are the whole number multiples of fundamental frequency (F0 X Nth Harmonic)?

A

Harmonics

Praxis SLP (5 decks)

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