Praxis Study Guide Flashcards
What is the period of unintentional communication? It occurs from 0 - 8 months. This period includes reflexive vocalizations, coloring, vocal play, and babbling.
Perlocutionary Period
What is the period of intentional communication? It occurs from 9 - 12 months.
Illocutionary Period
What is the linguistic stage of development where sounds reflect the body’s automatic responses? It is part of the Perlocutionary Period. It occurs from 0 - 2 months and is defined by the child’s anatomy (e.g., burping, crying, etc.). It will be nasalized vowel-like sounds with minimal resonance.
Reflexive Vocalizations
What is the linguistic stage of development where sounds are made in the back of the mouth? It is part of the Perlocutionary Period. It occurs from 2 - 4 months. It includes the back vowels (u, oo, o, ah) and consonants (k, g, ng).
Cooing
What is the linguistic stage of development where the child makes raspberries, growls, and squeaks? It is part of the Perlocutionary Period. It occurs from 4 - 6 months and is when we begin to see CV syllables.
Vocal Play
What is the linguistic stage of development where reduplicated babbling (CVCV syllable chains - e.g., dada) and variegated babbling (CV chains with variations in C’s and V’s)? It is part of the Perlocutionary Period. It occurs from 6 months +.
Babbling
What is the linguistic stage of development where jargon and longer strips of variegated babbling occur? It is part of the Illocutionary Period. It occurs from 9 months +. Babbling is accompanied by sentence-like intonation patterns. Phonetically Consistent Forms (PCFs) are observed.
Emergence of Speech Patterns
Receptive Milestones
–reacts to loud sounds
–smiles to familiar voices
–quiets to familiar speakers
Expressive Milestones
–cries for basic needs
–begins to smile at familiar people
–begins to make cooing sounds
Birth - 3 Months
Receptive Milestones
–recognizes changes in vocal tone
–eyes move toward sounds
–responds to toys with noise
Expressive Milestones
–babbles and coos during play
–sounds for various emotions
–beings to laugh
4 - 6 Months
Receptive Milestones
–recognizes and turns to name
–comprehension of simple words
–plays games, listens to songs
Expressive Milestones
–shows objects by pointing
–begins to use gestures (e.g., waving)
–first words emerge (around 12 months)
7 - 12 Montsh
Receptive Milestones
–follows simple 1-step directions
–understands simple questions
–points to objects/pictures named
Expressive Milestones
–begins to put two words together
–asks simple questions
–many new words emerge
1 - 2 Years
Receptive Milestones
–follows 2-step directions
–simple opposites (e.g., big vs small)
–easily comprehends new words
Expressive Milestones
–begins to put three words together
–asks “why?”
–simple prepositions (e.g., in, on)
2 - 3 Years
Receptive Milestones
–simple concepts (e.g., colors, shapes)
–responds to name (from other room)
–understands family words (e.g., sister)
Expressive Milestones
–puts up to fours words together
–asks “when?” and “why?”
–simple pronouns and some plurals (-s)
3 - 4 Years
Receptive Milestones
–understands order words (e.g., first)
–understands time words (e.g., today)
–follow longer multi-step directions
Expressive Milestones
–tells short stories, holds convos
–code switches (based on the listener, place)
–naming of letters, numbers
4 - 5 Years
What Brown’s Dates of Morphological Development occurs when there are about 50 words in vocabulary? Basic phrases (with communicative intent) are also observed. It occurs from 12 - 26 months.
Examples = “more juice” “my doll”
Brown’s Stage 1
What Brown’s Dates of Morphological Development occurs when present progressive -ing develops? Prepositions, like “in” and “on” and regular plural (-s) also develop. It occurs from 27 - 30 months.
Examples = “man running” “In house” “my kids”
Brown’s Stage 2
What Brown’s Dates of Morphological Development occurs when irregular past tense, possessive ‘s, and uncontractible copula (main verb; full form of ‘to be’) develop? It occurs from 31 - 34 months.
Examples = “the bucket” “a drink” “she shopped” “he runs” “daddy’s hat” “he is sick”
Brown’s Stage 3
What Brown’s Dates of Morphological Development occurs when third person irregular, uncontractible auxiliary, contractible copular, and contractible auxiliary develop? It occurs from 41 - 46+ months.
Examples = “doggy does tricks” “he was jumping” “she’s happy” “she’s dancing”
Brown’s Stage 4
What is the average number of morphemes per utterance?
MLU = total number of morphemes / total number of utterances
12 - 26 months: 1.0 - 2.0
27 - 30 months: 2.0 - 2.5
31 - 34 months: 2.5 - 3.0
35 - 40 months: 3.0 - 3.75
41 - 46 months: 3.75 - 4.5
47 + months: 4.5 +
Mean Length of Utterance (MLU)
Cortical changes
White Matter
Volume loss
Gray Matter
What is age-related hearing loss? It is sensorineural hearing loss and high-frequency loss (hair cell damage).
Presbycusis
What is age-related vision loss? It leads to farsightedness and the treatment is reading glasses.
Presbyopia
What is age-related voice changes? It leads to a weaker, breathy voice; more breaks/stops. It leads to a higher pitch in men and a lower pitch in women. It also leads to reduced loudness, laryngeal tension, and tremors.
Presbyphonia
