pragmatics

Question 1

cultural reference

Answer 1

a reference or quote to another cultural product (song lyric, play, poem, novel, artwork etc); assumes reader/listener shares our knowledge

Question 2

allusion

Answer 2

a brief and indirect reference to a person, place, thing or idea of historical, cultural, literary or political significance; assumes listener/reader knows what we are talking about

Question 3

exophoric reference

Answer 3

a reference to something, often cultural, to something beyond the text

Question 4

Grice’s maxims

Answer 4

unwritten rules that govern conversation to make it successful: quantity, quality, relation, manner

Question 5

implication/implicature

Answer 5

meanings that by a reader/lsitenervare implied (not explicitly stated) by the context in which words are read/heard

Question 6

inference

Answer 6

meanings that are understood even though they are not explicitly stated in the words themselves

Question 7

irony

Answer 7

the expression of one’s meaning by using language that normally signifies the opposite, typically for humorous or emphatic effect

Question 8

maxims

Answer 8

principles or unwritten rules that govern behaviour

Question 9

pragmatics

Answer 9

implied meanings

Question 10

locution

Answer 10

literal meaning

Question 11

illocution

Answer 11

implied meaning

Question 12

perlocution

Answer 12

perceived meaning

Question 13

pragmatic failure

Answer 13

where the meaning that is implied is not the meaning that is understood by the listener

Question 14

phatic communication

Answer 14

speech designed to maintain social relationships and which does not carry any significant meaning; often used to start a conversation

Question 15

phatic talk

Answer 15

speech used to create personal connections between people as opposed to conveying information to clarify something