Pragmatic development Flashcards
P. Fletcher (1985) show the massive development between the ages of two and four:
two year old: repetitive, disjointed and unaware of audience
four year old: can be a topic marker and turn take.
Between 3 and 5 the child develops further pragmatic skills such as:
form of address - mrs, excuse me
politeness markers - please
indirect requests - do you want some cake?
deal with difficult negotiations - M. McTear (1985) took 60 turns for one to convince the other that he should pass scissors.
Pragmatics is about:
implicature, inference, politeness, conversational management and turn taking
Halliday ‘taxonomy of language’ the functions that are served
instrumental - express their needs regulatory - commands interactional - make relationships personal - express identity heuristic - gain knowledge imaginative - tell stories representational - convey facts and info
IRF STRUCTURE (Sinclair & Coulthard)
imitation, response, feedback: three part conversational exchange in which a speaker starts a conversation, a response is given, and then the first speaker provides feedback
John Dore offers another way of describing language functions:
Labelling - naming repeating - imitation answering - responding requesting action - asking for help calling - attention by shouting greeting protesting practicing - when alone
Brown and Levinson.
They suggested two main aspects of face in communicative interactions:
Positive
where the individual desires social approval and being included.
Negative
where individual asserts their need to be independent and make their own decisions.
