Phonological development

Question 1

In the first couple of years, there are obvious patterns to the way children alter certain sounds:

Answer 1

1. Groups of consonants are avoided: play = pey
2. Unstressed sounds are dropped: banana = nana
3. Sound are make like neighbouring ones: dog = gog

Question 2

Reduplication

Answer 2

bottle into bu-bu. Crystal suggested they learn these words bit by bit. They also substitute words to ‘stand in’ whilst they learn the standard form

Question 3

By age 3, children:

Answer 3

have grasped consonant and vowels
are using words of 3 syllables
are using emphasis of key words

Question 4

Consonant cluster

Answer 4

‘spin, judge’ are difficult at age 4

Question 5

Berko & Brown (1960s)

Answer 5

found that a child who referred to fish as ‘fis’ substituting ‘s’ for ‘sh’, couldn’t link adults use of ‘fis’ with the same object

Question 6

Cruttenden (1974)

Answer 6

compared adults & children to see if they could predict football results from listening to intonation. Adults could successfully predict winner but children (up to 7) were less accurate

Question 7

Phonemic expansion

Answer 7

early developments allow the child to increase the variety of sounds produced

Question 8

Phonemic contraction

Answer 8

then reduce the sounds to only those they need for their own language

Question 9

How are sounds produced?

Answer 9

by the air from the lungs passing across the vocal cords.

Question 10

The different types of sound produced:

Answer 10

plosives - airflow is briefly blocked
fricatives - partially blocked
affricatives - above two together
appoximates - similar to vowels
nasals - air move through nose
laterals - tongue on ridge of teeth

Question 11

Phonology pattern:

Answer 11

Deletion - leaving out last consonant
addition - adding extra vowel sound
reduplication - repetition of particular sounds
substitution - one is swapped for easier sound