Practicum 1

Question 1

radiation definition

Answer 1

energy radiating from a source

Question 2

how is radiation measured

Answer 2

in wavelength

Question 3

what unit is wavelength measured in

Answer 3

nanometers (nm)

Question 4

wavelength and energy are directly/inversely proportional

Answer 4

inversely

Question 5

what is the range of wavelength to be considered UV radiation

Answer 5

14-400 nm

Question 6

types of UV radiation

Answer 6

UVC
UVB
UVA

Question 7

what is the wavelength range for UVC

Answer 7

200-290

Question 8

UVC is the most/least lethal

Answer 8

most lethal

Question 9

what is the bactericidal range of UVC

Answer 9

260-270nm

Question 10

what is the wavelength range for UVB

Answer 10

290-320 nm

Question 11

what is the wavelength range for UVA

Answer 11

320-340 nm

Question 12

how does UV affect DNA

Answer 12

UV induces pyrimidine dimers in DNA

Question 13

where does UV affect DNA

Answer 13

CT
TC
CC
TT

Question 14

process of UV affecting DNA

Answer 14

pyrimidine dimers -> mutations -> cell death

Question 15

Why is UV a limited disinfectant (2)

Answer 15

• poor penetration
• we are affected

Question 16

how to protect ourselves from UV

Answer 16

wear PPE

Question 17

how can UV be used as a disinfectant (3)

Answer 17

1) decontaminate hospital ORs
2) food processing areas
3) wasewater

Question 18

osmosis definition

Answer 18

movement of H2O across a semipermeable membrane from a high concentration of H2O to a low concentration of H2O

Question 19

where does H2O move in osmosis in regard to solute conc.

Answer 19

H2O moves to higher solute conc.

Question 20

types of solutions

Answer 20

isotonic soln
hypertonic soln
hypotonic soln

Question 21

solute conc. in isotonic solution

Answer 21

same inside and outside cell

Question 22

solute conc in hypertonic solution

Answer 22

greater outside cell

Question 23

solute conc in hypotonic solution

Answer 23

lesser outside cell

Question 24

how does H2O move in an isotonic solution

Answer 24

moves equally in and out of cell

Question 25

how does H2O move in a Hypertonic soln

Answer 25

leaves cell

Question 26

what happens as a result of H2O movement in a hypertonic solution

Answer 26

plasmolysis

Question 27

plasmolysis definition

Answer 27

shriveling of cell's cytoplasm

Question 28

how does H2O move in a hypotonic soln

Answer 28

moves into cell

Question 29

what happens as a result of H2O movement in a hypotonic solution

Answer 29

cell lysis

Question 30

cell lysis definition

Answer 30

cell bursts open

Question 31

microbial application of osmotic pressure

Answer 31

creating hypertonic environment -> plasmolysis

Question 32

examples of microbial application of osmotic pressure (3)

Answer 32

gargling salt water salting meat/fish honey

Question 33

which bacteria prefer high solute concentrations

Answer 33

halophiles

Question 34

halophiles definition

Answer 34

like high concentration of salt

Question 35

types of halophiles

Answer 35

obligate halophile halotolerant not-halotolerant

Question 36

obligate halophile definition

Answer 36

requires salt

Question 37

halotolerant definition

Answer 37

can grow in salt or no salt

Question 38

not halotolerant definition

Answer 38

can't grow in salt

Question 39

how do colder temps affect molecules

Answer 39

they move more slowly

Question 40

how do warmer temps affect molecules

Answer 40

they move more quickly

Question 41

enzyme function

Answer 41

speed up rate of reaction by lowering activation energy

Question 42

are enzymes affected by temperature

Answer 42

yes

Question 43

enzymes work faster/slower in warmer temps

Answer 43

faster

Question 44

what happens to enzymes in extreme heat

Answer 44

they can denature

Question 45

temperature values specific to each microbe

Answer 45

minimum growth temp maximum growth temp optimum growth temp

Question 46

minimum growth temperature definition

Answer 46

lowest temp at which an organism will grow

Question 47

maximum growth temperature definition

Answer 47

highest temp at which an organism will grow

Question 48

optimum growth temperature definition

Answer 48

temp at which an organism grows fastest

Question 49

how can bacteria be classified based on OGT (4)

Answer 49

psychrophiles mesophiles thermophiles hyperthermophiles

Question 50

psychrophiles definition

Answer 50

OGT = 0-20℃

Question 51

mesophiles definition

Answer 51

OGT = 20-45℃

Question 52

thermophiles definition

Answer 52

OGT = 45-80℃

Question 53

hyperthermophiles definition

Answer 53

OGT = >=80℃

Question 54

pH definition

Answer 54

acidity or alkalinity of a substance

Question 55

important ions for pH

Answer 55

H+ OH-

Question 56

what does high H+ cause a soln to be

Answer 56

acidity

Question 57

what does high OH- cause a soln to be

Answer 57

basic/alkalinic

Question 58

pH scale

Answer 58

1-14

Question 59

what pH is considered Acidic

Answer 59

1-6.9

Question 60

what pH is considered neutral

Answer 60

7

Question 61

what pH is considered basic

Answer 61

7.1-14

Question 62

how to calculate pH

Answer 62

pH = -log[H+]

Question 63

how can you classify based on optimum pH

Answer 63

acidophiles neutrophiles alkaliphiles/alkalinophiles

Question 64

acidophiles definition

Answer 64

pH < 6

Question 65

Neutrophiles definition

Answer 65

6.5 < pH < 7.5

Question 66

Alkaliphiles/Alkalinophiles definition

Answer 66

pH > 8

Question 67

what kind of pH do most bacteria prefer

Answer 67

neutral (neutrophiles)

Question 68

example of using pH to inhibit bacterial growth

Answer 68

pickling food -> acidic pH

Question 69

what is the name of this fungi

Answer 69

Penicillium chrysogenum

Question 70

what is the name of this fungi

Answer 70

Aspergillus conidia

Question 71

what is the name of this fungi

Answer 71

Rhisopus nigricans

Question 72

what is the name of this fungi

Answer 72

Rhisopus nigricans

Question 73

what is the name of this fungi

Answer 73

peziza