Lecture Exam #1 Flashcards
Week 1-4
1
Q
microbiology definition
A
study of small living things
2
Q
what is microbial ecology
A
microbes & the environment
3
Q
what is bioremediation
A
microbes to clean up pollutants
4
Q
what is food microbiology
A
microbes & food
5
Q
what is medical applied/industrial microbiology
A
microbes to produce enzymes, vitamins, pharmaceuticals, etc.
6
Q
what is medical microbiology
A
microbes & disease
7
Q
definition of normal flora
A
microbes found in/on body that don’t normally cause disease
8
Q
types of normal flora
A
resident flora
transient flora
9
Q
resident flora definition
A
colonize on body
10
Q
transient flora definition
A
don’t colonize on body
on body for short period of time
11
Q
microbiome definition
A
all microbes residing on human body
12
Q
what are examples of microbial contributions
A
intestinal microbes
photosynthesis
sewage treatment
bioremediation
food industry
antibiotic production
13
Q
what do intestinal microbes help with
A
digestion
vitamin synthesis
14
Q
how do intestinal microbes help with digestion
A
indigestible carbohydrates -> short fatty acid chains -> energy
15
Q
which vitamins do intestinal microbes help synthesize
A
B vitamins
vitamin K
16
Q
examples of microbes that are photosynthetic
A
cyanobacteria
microscopic algae
17
Q
process of photosynthesis
A
H2O + CO2 –sunlight–> O2 + C6H12O6
18
Q
how do microbes help with sewage treatment
A
break down materials in wastewater that can’t be filtered out
19
Q
how do microbes help with bioremediation
A
clean up oil spills
degrade plastic
20
Q
how to microbes help with the food industry
A
production of beer, wine, cheese, bread, etc
21
Q
how do microbes help with antibiotic production
A
competition forces them to create antibiotics to get rid of the rest
22
Q
epidemiology definition
A
science of when/where disease occur and how they spread
23
Q
etiological agent definition
A
cause of disease
24
Q
pathogen definition
A
disease-causing microorganism
25
host definition
organism that harbors the pathogen
26
reservoir definition
continual source of pathogen
27
zoonosis definition
disease transmitted from animal to human
28
pathogenesis definition
manner in which disease develops
29
3 types of disease transmission
1) contact transmission
2) vehicle transmission
3) vector transmission
30
3 types of contact transmission
direct contact transmission
indirect contact transmission
droplet transmission
31
direct contact transmission definition
direct transmission by physical contact
32
indirect contact transmission definition
spread by nonliving object
33
fomite definition
nonliving object involved in spread of infection
34
droplet transmission definition
spread by respiratory droplets that travel short distances
35
vehicle transmission definition
transmission of etiological agent by a vehicle
36
types of vehicle transmission
airborne transmission
waterborne transmission
foodborne transmission
fecal-oral transmisison
37
airborne transmission definition
spread via droplet nuclei or small particles
38
droplet nuclei are smaller/larger than respiratory droplets
smaller
39
how far can dropler nuclei travel
>1 meter
40
how far can respiratory droplets travel
<1 meter
41
waterborne transmission definition
spread via water
42
foodborne transmission definition
spread via food
43
fecal-oral transmission definition
pathogen shed in feces -> contaminate water/food -> ingested
44
vector definition
animal that carries pathogen from one host to another
45
vector transmission definition
spread by vector
46
who invented scientific nomenclature
Carl Linnaeus
47
scientific nomenclature definition
each organism gets 2 names (binomial nomenclature)
48
general cellular characteristics
all have a plasma membrane
some have a cell wall
can be prokaryotic or eukaryotic
49
prokaryotes/eukaryotes have no nucleus
prokaryotes
50
prokaryotes/eukaryotes have a nucleus
eukaryotes
51
prokaryotes/eukaryotes don't have membrane-bound organelles
prokaryotes
52
prokaryotes/eukaryotes have membrane-bound organelles
eukaryotes
53
prokaryotes/eukaryotes are only unicellular
prokaryotes
54
prokaryotes/eukaryotes can be unicellular or multicellular
eukaryotes
55
microbes/microorganisms definition
living organisms too small to be seen by the unaided eye
56
types of microorganisms/microbes
bacteria
archaea
fungi
protozoa
microscopic algae
multicellular animal parasites
viruses
prions
57
where is bacteria's genetic material stored
nucleoid
58
what is the bacterial cell wall made of
peptidoglycan
59
example of a bacterial pathogen
Legionella pneumonia
60
is Legionella pneumonia gram positive or gram negative
gram-negative
61
where does Legionella pneumonia live
freshwater
62
what does Legionella pneumonia cause
Legionnaires' disease
63
transmission of Legionnaires' disease
airborne
64
Legionnaires' disease signs/symptoms
fever (up to 140°F)
muscle aches
cough
shortness of breath
65
are archaea prokaryotes or eukaryotes
prokaryotes
66
where are archaea found
extreme environments
67
archaea are/aren't known to cause disease in humans
aren't
68
3 groups of archaea
methanogens
extreme halophiles
extreme thermophiles
69
methanogen definition
produce methane
70
extreme halophiles definition
live in extremely salty environments
71
extreme thermophiles definition
live in hot sulfurous water
72
fungi are prokaryotes/eukaryotes
eukaryotes
73
fungi are unicellular or multicellular
either
74
fungi cell wall made of
chitin
75
protozoa are prokaryotes/eukaryotes
eukaryotes
76
protozoa are unicellular or multicellular
unicellular
77
are protozoa known to cause disease
can be free-living or pathogenic
78
example of a protozoa
Naegleria fowleri
79
where does Naegleria fowleri live
warmer freshwater
80
what does Naegleria fowleri cause
primary amebic meningoencephalitis
81
transmission of primary amebic meningoencephalitis
waterborne (up nose)
82
pathogenesis of primary amebic meningoencephalitis
nasal mucosa -> brain -> destroys brain tissue
83
early signs/symptoms of primary amebic meningoencephalitis
headache
fever
nausea
vomiting
84
late signs/symptoms of primary amebic meningoencephalitis
stiff neck
confusion
lack of attention
loss of balance
seizures
hallucinations
85
microscopic algae are prokaryotes/eukaryotes
photosynthetic eukaryotes
86
where is microscopic algae found
fresh/salt water
87
multicellular animal parasites are prokaryotes/eukaryotes
eukaryotes
88
alternate name for parasitic worms
helminths
89
example of a parasitic worm
hookworm
90
etiological agents for hookworm
Necator americanus
Ancyclostoma duodenale
91
transmission of hookworm
larvae burrow through skin
92
hookworm signs/symptoms
itching/redness at infection site
cough
abdominal pain
diarrhea
anemia
93
what is the cellular arrangement of a virus
acellular
94
can viruses reproduce on their own
no, they can only reproduce using host cell machinery
95
structure of a virus
nucleic acid core (DNA and RNA)
protein coat (protection & attachment)
envelope (sometimes)
96
example of a viral pathogen
hantavirus
97
what does Hantavirus cause
Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
98
most common type of Hantavirus in the US
Sin Nombre Virus
99
transmission of Hantavirus
airborne
100
reservior of Hantavirus
rodents
101
what is the reservior for Sin Nombre virus
Deer mice
102
early signs/symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
fatigue
fever
muscle aches
103
late signs/symptoms of Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome
pulmonary edema
cough
shortness of breath
shock
104
structure of prions
proteinaceous infectious particles
105
is there nucleic acid in prions
no
106
prions cause fast/slow infections
slow infections (takes months/years/decades for symptoms to start)
107
what do prions do
cause abnormal folding of proteins in the brain -> brain damage
108
nomenclature definition
system of naming
109
taxonomy definition
science of classification
110
taxa definition
groups
111
taxon definition
singular group
112
taxonomy at the time of Aristotle
organisms classified as plants or animals
113
when did Carl Linnaeus innovate
1700s
114
what level of classification did Carl Linnaeus identify
2 kingdoms
115
what were the initial 2 kingdoms
Plantae
animalia
116
how was kingdom plantae first dictated
didn't move or eat
117
how was kingdom animalia first dictated
moved and ate
118
when was Cael von Nageli innovating
1800s
119
what did Cael von Nageli propose
that bacteria and fungi be placed into kingdom plantae
120
plant cell wall composition
cellulose
121
what happened in taxonomy in 1959
fungi placed into its own kingdom
122
what happened in taxonomy in 1968
Robbert Murray proposed Kingdom Prokaryotae
123
taxonomy hierarchy (broad -> specific)
domain
kingdom
phylum
class
order
family
genus
species
124
3 domains
eukarya
bacteria
archaea
125
how are the 3 domains differentiated
sequence of nucleotides in ribosomal RNA differs
126
kingdom(s) under the domain archaea
archaebacteria
127
kingdom(s) under the domain bacteria
eubacteria
128
kingdom(s) under the domain eukarya
protista
fungi
plantae
animalia
129
strain definition
subtypes of species
130
Example of a strain of bacteria
Escherichia coli O157:H7
131
Escherichia coli O157:H7 shape + gram stain
gram-negative rod
132
where is Escherichia coli O157:H7 found
in the gut of animals
133
main reservior for Escherichia coli O157:H7
cattle
134
what does Escherichia coli O157:H7 cause
foodborne illness
hemolytic uremic syndrome
135
transmission of Escherichia coli O157:H7
fecal-oral route
136
signs/symptoms of Escherichia coli O157:H7
severe abdominal cramps
bloody diarrhea
vomiting
137
sign/s symotoms of hemolytic uremic syndrome
anemia
low platelet count
kidney failure
138
when did cells first start forming
3.5 bya
139
how many cell lineages are there
3
140
what type were the first cells
prokaryotic
141
when were eukaryotes first formed
2.5 bya
142
endosymbiotic theory definition
eukaryotes evolved from living with prokaryotic cells
143
according to ET, where does the true nucleus come from
plasma membrane of prokaryote folded around DNA
144
according to ET, where do some organelles come from
endosymbiotic bacteria
145
according to ET, where do mitochondria come from
aerobic bacteria that was engulfed
146
according to ET, where do chloroplasts come from
photosynthetic bacteria that was engulfed
147
phylogeny definition
study of evolutionary history of organisms
148
evidence for phylogeny comes from...(2)
fossils
similarities in nucleic acids
149
hypotheses of the origin of viruses
1) arose from independently replicating strands of nucleic acids
2) originated as RNA or DNA that escaped from host cell
3) devolved from free-living cells
150
which domain are viruses in
TRICK
not in any of the 3 domains
151
what level of taxonomic classificaiton can viruses be put into
families
152
physical properties of viruses
morphology
viral proteins
153
biological properties of viruses
pathogenesis
mode of transmission
entry/exit route
etc.
154
how can individual viruses be classified
stains
155
example of a virus
influenza virus
156
seasonality of influenza virus
Dec-Mar
157
how many segments of RNA is in influenza virus
8
158
does influenza virus have an envelope
yes
159
influenza viral proteins
Hemagglutinin (H)
Nauraminidase (N)
160
what does Hemagglutinin do
binds to sialic acid on host cell
161
what does neuraminidase do
helps virus exit cell
162
4 types of influenza
Influenza A
Influenza B
Influenza C
Influenza D
163
is influenza A seasonal
yes
164
who does influenza A infect
humans and other animals
165
how is influenza A divided into different strains
based on amounts of H and N
166
How many different H proteins are there
18
167
How many different N proteins are there
11
168
examples of influenza A strains
H1N1, H3N2
169
antigenic drift definition
accumulation of mutations as virus moves from one host to another
170
antigenic shift definition
result of reassortment of human, avian, and swine influenza nucleic acids
171
what types of influenza can swine be infected with
swine
human
avian
172
is influenza B seasonal
yes
173
who does influenza B infect
humans only
174
is influenza C seasonal
no
175
who does influenza C infect
humans and pigs
most common in kids
176
what is influenza C considered in terms of severity
mild respiratory illness
177
who does influenza D infect
cattle
178
how is influenza transmitted
droplet transmission
fomites
179
influenza signs/symptoms
headache
fever
sore throat
muscle aches
chills
cough
180
what year did Zacharias and Hans Janssen invent the first compound microscope
1590
181
who created the first compound microscope
Zacharias and Hans Janssen
182
When did Robert Hooke obseve cork under a microscope
1655
183
who observed cork under a microscope
Robert Hooke
184
who was the first to oberve cells
Robert Hooke
185
what book did Robert Hooke write
Micrographia
186
Who created their own lenses for the microscope
Anton Van Leeuwenhook
187
what was different about Anton Van Leeuwenhook's lenses and why was it an advantage
had more curvature, which increased the magnification
188
who was the first to observe microbes microscopically
Anton Van Leeuwenhook
189
what did Anton Van Leeuwenhook call the cells he observed
"animalcules" or little animals
190
who is considered the father of microbiology
Anton Van Leeuwenhook
191
3 postulates of cell theory
1) all organisms composed of cells
2) the cell is the basic structure/organizational unit in organisms
3) all cells arise form pre-existing cells
192
what is spontaneous generation
belief that life could arise from nonliving matter
193
examples of spontaneous generation
wheat -> mice
meat -> maggots
194
Aristotle's belief that supported spontaneous generation
"vital force"
195
what is "vital force"
innate power in matter to give rise to life
196
what was Francesco Redi's position on spontaneous generation
challenged it
197
Francesco Redi's initial experiment
meat in 2 jars
- jar 1 = open to air
- jar 2 = sealed
198
Results of Francesco Redi's initial experiment
Jar 1 = flies entered -> maggots
Jar 2 = no flies entered -> no maggots
199
Conclusion of Francesco Redi's initial experiment
maggots don't develop sponaneously from meat
200
criticism of Francesco Redi's initial experiment
air needed for spontaneous generation
201
Redi's response experiment after criticism
covered Jar 2 with gauze -> no maggots
202
what was John Needham position on spontaneous generation
Supported it
203
John Needham's experiment
1) boiled broth
2) let broth cool (open to air)
3) poured broth into flasks, then covered
204
Results of John Needham's experiment
lots of microbes
205
conclusion of John Needham's experiment
microbes developed spontaneously from bottle
206
criticism of John Needham's experiment
- let flasks cool while open to air
- lacked aseptic technique
207
who challenged John Needham's experiment
Lazzaro Spallanzani
208
what was Lazzaro Spallanzani's position on spontaneous generation
Challenged it
209
Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment
1) boiled broth in sealed flask
2) cooled while seating
210
Result of Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment
no microbes grew
211
Conclusion of Lazzaro Spallanzani's experiment
microbes unable to develop spontaneously when air is blocked
212
What did Needham argue about Spallanzani's experiment
that he destroyed the vital force by boiling
213
what was Louis Pasteur's position on spontaneous generation
Challenged it
214
Louis Pasteur's first experiment
1) boiled broth
2) separated into 2 flasks
- Flask 1 = cool while open
- Flask 2 = cool while closed
215
results of Louis Pasteur's first experiment
flask 1 = comtaminated with microbes
flask 2 = no microbes
216
conclusion of Louis Pasteur's first experiment
microbes in air responsible for contamination
217
Louis Pasteur's second experiment
1) poured broth into long-necked flask
2) heated long neck -> bent into S-shape
3) boiled broth
218
result of Louis Pasteur's second experiment
no microbes grew
219
conclusion of Louis Pasteur's second experiment
microbes can't develop spontaneously when blocked from entering broth
220
biogenesis definition
cells only arise from pre-existing cells
221
what replaced spontaneous generation
biogenesis
222
when was the first golden age of microbiology
1857-1914
223
what is fermentation
yeast converts sugar -> alcohol in absence of O2
224
What is spoilage
microbes convert alcohol -> vinegar in presence of O2
225
example of a microbe that causes spoilage
Acetobacter
226
pasteurization definition
heat to kill microbes causing spoilage
227
what did Louis Pasteur have to do with fermentation and pasteurization
he examined beer/wine
228
germ theory of disease definition
microbes cause disease
229
early evidence of germ theory
Louis Pasteur discoverd silkworm disease caused by protozoan
230
early theories on cause of disease
- punishment for crimes
- evil spirits had entered body
- imbalance of bodily fluids
- miasma theory
231
what did hippocrates claim regarding bodily fluids
body contained 3 fluids(blood, phlegm, yellow bile, black bile)
232
miasma theory
disease caused by miasma
233
what is miasma
bad air
234
what shape and gram is Yersinia pestis
gram-negative rod
235
what does Yersinia pestis cause
the plague
236
what bacterium causes the plague
Yersinia pestis
237
transmission cycle of Yersinia pestis
reserviors, vectors
238
what are the reserviors for Yersinia pestis
rodents (rats, mice, squirrels)
239
what are the vectors for Yersinia pestis
fleas (rodent -> human)
240
pathogenesis of Yersinia pestis
1) engulfed by WBC
2) survive inside of WBC and multiply
3) WBC bursts -> Yersinia pestis released
241
3 types of plague
bubonic plague
septicemic plague
pneumonic plauge
242
transmission of bubonic plague
1) bite from infected flea
2) travels through lymphatic system
3) multiply in lymph nodes -> buboes
243
signs/symptoms of bubonic plague
weakness/fever
buboes
244
mortality rate of bubonic plague
50-70%
245
transmission of septicemic plague
contact with contaminated fluid/tissue
(can develop from bubonic plague)
246
signs/symptoms of septicemic plague
weakness/fever
bleeding into skin
gangrene
247
mortality rate of septicemic plague
80-90%
248
transmission of pneumonic plague
droplet
(can develop from septicemic plague)
249
signs/symptoms of pneumonic plague
weakness, fever
shortness of breath
coughing
250
mortality rate of pneumonic plague
100%
251
what was Robert Koch's initial plan
find etiological agent of anthrax
252
Robert Koch's anthrax experiment
1) injected Bacillus anthracis into healthy cows
2) healthy cows became sick and died
3) isolated Bacillus anthracis from dead cow's blood
253
conclusion of Robert Koch's anthrax experiment
Bacillus anthracis cuases anthrax
254
Koch's postulates definition
experimental steps of ID etiological agent of disease
255
Koch's postulates (1-4)
1) same pathogen must be present in every case of disease
2) pathogen must be isolated from host and grown into pure culture
3) cultured pathogen must be inoculated into healthy animal and cause same disease
4) pathogen must be recovered from animal and identified as original pathogen
256
exceptions to Koch's postulates
1) some pathogens can't be grown on artificial media
2) some pathogens only infect humans
257
antisepsis definition
elimination of microbes to prevent infection
258
contributors to antisepsis
Florence Nightengale
Ignaz Semmelweis
Joseph Lister
259
who is the founder of modern nursing
Florence Nightengale
260
What did Florence Nightengale do
recruited to improve hospital conditions in Crimean War
- increased access to fresh water
- cleaned bandages and sheets daily
- decreased death rate
261
Who helped increase antisepsis in obstetrics
Ignaz Semmelweis
262
what was the common cause of the high postpartum mortality rate
puerperal fever
263
what was the mortality rate of the clinic where the medical students performed autopsies
~15%
264
what was the mortality rate of the clinic where the midwives did not perform autopsies
~5%
265
what did Ignaz Semmelweis force the medical students to wash their hands with
Chloride of lime
266
what did the mortality rate go down to after forcing the medical students to wash their hands
~2%
267
who is the father of modern surgery
Joseph Lister
268
what did Joseph Lister force surgeons to do
- wash hands with phenol before and after surgery
- wash surgical instruments with phenol
- spray phenol in air during operation
269
vaccine definition
biological preparation to induce immunity to a disease
270
what happened in 430 BCE
plague in athens
271
what was important about the plague in athens
recovering persons could care for a sick person without becoming re-infected
272
variolation definition
means of inducing immunity to smallpox
273
how did they initially induce immunity to smallpox
1) grind up smallpox scabs from recovering patient
2) introduce to unexposed individual -> develops milder case of smallpox
3) gains immunity to smallpox
274
who created the first smallpox vaccine
Edward Jenner
275
what did Edward Jenner do in 1796
1) collected scrapings from cowpox blisters
2) inoculated them into 8 year old boy
3) boy became mildly sick with cowpox, but recovered
4) inoculated boy with smallpox lesion -> no disease
276
what does variola virus cause
smallpox
277
transmission of variola virus
droplet
fomites
278
pathogenesis of variola virus
infects lymph nodes
-> bloodstream
-> skin (grows in epidermal layer)
-> lesions
279
stages of smallpox
1) incubation period
2) initial symptoms
3) early rash
4) pustular rash and scabs
5) scabs fall off
6) no scabs
280
signs/symptoms of 1st stage of smallpox
none
281
signs/symptoms of 2nd stage of smallpox
fever
body aches
282
signs/symptoms of 3rd stage of smallpox
small spots on mouth -> sores break open
rash on skin
283
signs/symptoms of 4th stage of smallpox
pustules
scabs
284
signs/symptoms of 5th stage of smallpox
scabs fall off
285
signs/symptoms of 6th stage of smallpox
none
286
is the 1st stage of smallpox contagious
not contagious
287
is the 2nd stage of smallpox contagious
sometimes contagious
288
is the 3rd stage of smallpox contagious
most contagious
289
is the 4th stage of smallpox contagious
contagious
290
is the 5th stage of smallpox contagious
contagious
291
is the 6th stage of smallpox contagious
not contagious
292
what was the goal of the second golden age of microbiology
destroy pathogens without harming the infected host
293
chemotherapy definition
treatment of disease using chemicals
294
examples of chemotherapy
synthetic drugs
antibiotics
295
synthetic drugs origin
synthesized in lab
296
antibiotics origin
produced by microbes
297
who used dyes to treat infection
Paul Ehrlich
298
what was Paul Ehrlich's goal
find a "magic bullet" - drug that would kill pathogen without harming host
299
what was trypan red dye able to do/not do
kill pathogens in mice, but not humans
300
what is a modified version of trypan red and what does it treat
salvarsan; syphilis
301
who discovered prontosil
Gerhard Domagk
302
what kind of drug is prontosil
sulfa drug (synthetic drug)
303
what is prontosil effective against (gram)
gram-positive bacteria
304
who accidentally discovered penicillin
Alexander Fleming
305
how did Alexander Fleming discover penicillin
Penicillum chrusogenum contaminated a Staphylococcus plate
306
what was the first antibiotic
penicillin
307
what is penicillin effective against (gram)
gram-positive bacteria
308
who discovered streptomycin
Albert Shatz
309
how did Albert Shatz discover streptomycin
isolated Streptomyces griseus from soil
310
what is streptomycin effective against (gram)
gram positive and gram negative bacteria
311
what is an endergonic reaction
require energy overall
312
what is an exergonic reaction
releases energy overall
313
anabolic definition
making/putting together
314
catabolic definition
breaking down
315
are anabolic reactions ender or exergonic
endergonic
316
are catabolic reactions ender or exergonic
exergonic
317
solute definition
substance being dissolved
318
solvent definiton
dissolving medium
319
amphipathic definition
contains both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts
320
how to calculate pH
pH = -log[H+]
321
what is the log scale
a change of 1 number represents a 10 fold change
322
what are monosaccharides linked together by
glycosidic bonds
323
what are simple lipids linked by
ester bonds
324
saturated fatty acids have/dont have C=C
don't have
325
unsaturated fatty acids have/don't have C=C
have
326
simple lipid definiton
1 glycerol
1-3 fatty acid chains
327
complex lipid definition
1 glycerol
fatty acid(s)
another component (P, N, S)
328
structure of steroids
4 carbon rings
329
what kind of macromolecule are steroids
lipids
330
where to find steriods
found in plasma memb and hormones
331
example of a steroid and its function
cholesterol -> provides strength to cell memb
332
what are amino acids linked by
peptide bonds
333
primary protein structure
sequence in which amino acids are linked
334
secondary protein structure
hydrogen bonding betwen atoms -> localized twisting/folding
335
does secondary protein structure involve R groups
no
336
types of secondary protein structure
alpha helix
beta-pleated sheet
337
tertiary protein structure
overall 3D shape
338
does tertiary protein structure involve R groups
yes
339
bonds/interactions in tertiary protein structure
ionic bonds
hydrophobic interactions
disulfide bonds
340
what are ionic bonds in teritary protein structure
attraction between R groups with opposite charges
341
what are hydrophobic interactions in tertiary protein structure
hydrophobic R groups cluster together inside of protein
342
what are disulfide bonds in tertiary protein structure
sulfurs on 2 cysteine bonds
343
what is quaternary protein structure
2 or more polypeptide chains act as a single chain
344
is quaternary protein structure found in every protein
no
345
3 parts of a nucleotide
nitrogenous base
pentose
phosphate group
346
peripheral proteins definition
at surface of membrane
347
are peripheral proteins inserted into the hydrophobic tails
no
348
integral proteins definition
integrated into membrane
349
are integral proteins inserted into the hydrophobic tails
yes
350
2 options for positioning of integral proteins
1) extends only part way into memb
2) extends across entire membrane(transmembrane protein)
351
what size of molecule passes more easily across the plasma membrane
small cules
352
what lipid solubility of a molecule passes more easily across plasma membrane
hydrophobic cules
353
what charge of a molecule passes more easily across plasma membrane
uncharged (non-polar) cules
354
difference between channel proteins and carrier proteins
channel proteins are not specific and do not change shape
carrier proteins are very specific and change shape to let cules across
355
hypertonic definition
H2O conc is greater ousdie of cell -> plasmolysis
356
hypotonic definition
H2O conc is less outside of cell -> lysis
357
monotrichous definition
one flagellum
358
lophotrichous definition
multiple flagella at one end
359
amphitrichous definition
flagella at both ends
360
peritrichous definition
flagella surrounds entire cell
361
atrichous definition
no flagella
362
structure of a flagellum
filament
hook
basal body
363
composition of the filament of a flagellum
flagellin
hollow inside
364
function of hook in a flagellum
links filament to basal body
365
function of basal body in flagella
anchors flagellum to cell wall and plasma membrane
366
structure of basal body in flagella
central rod surrounded by rings
367
patterns of motility of flagella
run
tumble
368
what is a run for flagella
bacteria swim in a straight line and flagella rotate counter-clockwise
369
what is a tumble for flagella
bacteria turn in a random manner and flagella rotate clockwise
370
taxis definition
movement toward/away from a substance
371
positive taxis definition
movement toward a substance (attractant)
372
runs/tumbles in positive taxis
many runs, few tumbles
373
negative taxis definition
movement away from a substance (repellant)
374
runs/tumbles in negative taxis
frequency of tumbles increases
375
chemotaxis definition
movement towards/away from chemicals
376
Helicobacter pylori shape and gram rxn
gram-negative spiral
377
is Helicobacter pylori flagellated/what type?
yes - lophotrichous
378
what does Helicobacter pylori cause
peptic ulcers
379
transmission of Helicobacter pylori
fecal-oral
380
signs/symptoms of Helicobacter pylori
- burning sensation in stomach
- narusea/vomiting
- blood in stool/black stool
381
pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori
- use flagella to swim thru acidic stomach -> mucus layer
- produce urease: converts urea -> ammonia + CO2
- colonizes mucus directly above epithelial cells in stomach
382
archaella found where
archaea
383
aechaella function
motility (rotate like flagella)
384
differences between archaella and flagella
- archaella are thinner
- archaella made of archaellins; flagella made of flagellins
- archaella are solid, flagella are hollow
385
Fimbriae definition
short, thin proteinaceous appendages
386
fimbrae function
mediate attachment to surfaces
387
pili function
motility and DNA transfer
388
where are axial filaments found
spirochetes
389
spirochete definition
type of spiral bacteria that contain outer sheath
390
axial filaments function
motility
391
glycocalyx defintion
sticky, gelatinous sbstance outside cell wall
392
glycocalyx made up of
polysaccarides, proteins, or both
393
types of glycocalyx
capsule
slime layer
extracellular polymeric substance(EPS)
394
capsule composition
uncharged polysaccharides
395
capsule function
increased bacterial virulance
396
slime layer durability
unoirganized and easily removed from cell wall
397
capsule durability
organized and firmly attached to cell wall
398
function of Extracellular Polymeric substance
helps cells in biofilm attach to a surface/each other
399
what are NAG and NAM linked by
glycosidic bonds
400
where do tetrapeptide side chains extend from
NAM
401
what links tetrapeptide side chains together
peptide cross-bridges
402
wall teichoic acid definition
link peptidoglycan layers to each other
403
lipoteichoic acid definition
link peptidoglycan to plasma membrane
404
porins definition
channels that allows substances to enter/exit outer membrane
405
lipopolysaccharide location
extends outward from phospholipid bilayer
406
structure of lipopolysaccharide
Lipid A
Core polysaccharide
O Polysaccharide
407
lipid A structure
embedded into phospholipid bilayer of outer membrane
408
lipid A function
endotoxin released when cell is lysed
409
core polysaccharide structure and function
attached to Lipid A
provides stability
410
O polysaccharide structure and function
S = extends outward from core polysaccharide
F = antigen
411
what anchors the outer membrane to the cell wall
lipoproteins
412
periplasm definition
space between plasma memb and outermost wall/membrane of cell
413
Atypical cell walls
mycoplasma
acid-fast bacteria
414
mycoplasma definition
no cell wall (no defined shape)
415
acid fast bacteria structure
cell wall contains mycolic acid
416
what does mycolic acid prevent
desiccation
digestion after phagocytosis
417
what species are Acid-fast
Mycobacterium
Nocardia
418
Mycobacterium leprae shape
acid-fast rod
419
Mycobacterium leprae grows slow/fast
slow
420
what does Mycobacterium leprae cause
leprosy
421
2 types of leprosy
tuberculoid leprosy
lepromatous leprosy
422
signs/symptoms of tuberculoid leprosy
discolored regions of skin(loss of sensation)
possible nodules
423
signs/symptoms of lepromatous leprosy
nodules
lack of sensation in hands/feet
deformation of digits
tissue necrosis
424
transmission of Mycobacterium leprae
unknown (likely droplet)
425
pathogenesis of Mycobacterium leprae
1) phagocytized by macrophages
2) can survive inside macophages
3) grows inside tissue macrophages and cells of PNS
426
Bacterial DNA structure
singular circular chromosome
427
plasmid definition
extrachromosomal DNA that can be transferred between bacteria
428
are plasmids necessary for cell function
no
429
ribosomes found in bacteria and their subunits
70S -> 50S + 30S
430
inclusions definition
reserve deposits
431
examples of inclusions
polysaccharide granules
lipid inclusions
sulfur granules
432
polysaccharide granules definition
glycogen and starch storage
433
endospore coat made out of
keratin and calcium diplocholinate
434
Clostridium tetani shape and gram rxn
gram-positive rod
435
What type of aerobe/anaerobe is Clostridium tetani
obligate anaerobe
436
what does Clostridium tetani cause
tetanus
437
signs/symptoms of tetanus
tightening of jaw muscles
muscle spasms
trouble swallowing
opisthotonos
438
what do Clostridium tetani vegetative bodies release and what is its function
tetanospasmin -> neurotoxin that blocks impulses to relax muscle contraction
439
opisthotonos definition
back muscle spasms -> head and heels bow backward
440
eukaryotic flagella composition
microtubules
441
eukaryotic flagella movement
wave-like
442
flagella vs cilia in eukaryotic cells
flagella = few, long
cilia = many, short
443
are cilia found in prokaryotes or in eukaryotes
only in eukaryotes
444
endocytosis definition
transport of surrounding molecules into cell
445
types of endocytosis
phagocytosis
pinocytosis
receptor-mediated endocytosis
446
phagocytosis definition
celllular projections(pseudopods) engulf particle
447
pinocytosis definiton
plasma mambrane folds in and extacellular fluid enters cell
448
receptor mediate endocytosis folds in or out
in
449
exocytosis definiton
expelling from cell
450
eukaryotic ribosomes and their subunits
80S -> 60S + 40S
451
histone definition
positively charges proteins that DNA wraps around
452
nucleosome definition
DNA wrapped around 8 histomes
453
chromatin definition
thread-like mass of DNA (when cell isnt dividing)
454
chromosome definition
coiled DNA (when cell is dividing)
455
nucleolus is the site of what
rRNA synthesis
456
ER structure
series of tunnels called cisternae
457
Rough ER function
synthesizes extracellular proteins and proteins to be inserted into plasma membrane
458
Smooth ER function
synthesizes fats and steroids
detoxification of metabolic wastes and drugs
459
golgi apparatus structure
stacks of cisternae
460
golgi apparatus function
recieves proteins, sends them to other cellular locations
461
lysosome structures
surrounded by membrane
contains digestive enzymes (acidic/low pH)
462
lysosome funciton
intracellular digestion
463
vacuoles structure
surrounded by membrane
464
vacuoles function
storage (excess water/food)
465
mitochondria structure
2 membranes (outer/inner)
inner has cristae(folds) and matrix
466
mitochondria function
generate energy
467
chloroplasts structure
2 membranes (outer/inner)
inner has thylakoids -> granum
468
chloroplasts function
photosynthesis
469
peroxisome structure
surrounded by membrane and contain oxidative enzymes
470
peroxisome function
break down toxic chemicals
break down amino acids and fatty acids
471
catalase function
breaks down H2O2 -> H2O + O2
472
thylakoid definitino
flattened sacs that contain clorophyll
473
granum definiton
multiple thylakoids stacked together
474
matrix of mitochondria definition
space within inner membrane
