Lecture Exam #3

Question 1

environmental microbiology definition

Answer 1

study of microbes’ interactions wtih each other and the environment

Question 2

where do microbes live

Answer 2

in virtually all environments

Question 3

do microbes contribute to life on earth

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

microbial habitats

Answer 4

air
soil
aquatic environments

Question 5

is air a permanent environment for microbes

Answer 5

not usually

Question 6

what type of microbes live in an air habitat

Answer 6

transient microbes

Question 7

how many microbes live in the air at any given time

Answer 7

thousands of species

Question 8

soil has high/low microbial diversity

Answer 8

high

Question 9

soil is composed of many/few particles

Answer 9

many

Question 10

particles in soil have the same/unique microenvironments

Answer 10

each particle has a unique microenvironment

Question 11

common soil microbes

Answer 11

actinomycetes
endospore-formers

Question 12

actinomycetes traits

Answer 12

produce geosmin -> soil smell

Question 13

endospore-formers

Answer 13

Bacillus, Clostridium species

Question 14

aquatic environments are/aren’t ideal for bacteria

Answer 14

are ideal for bacteria

Question 15

why are aquatic environments ideal for bacteria (2)

Answer 15

• protection from desiccation and UV
• easy access to dissolved nutrients

Question 16

2 types of aquatic environments

Answer 16

freshwater
marine

Question 17

freshwater environment examples

Answer 17

lakes
ponds
rivers

Question 18

marine environment example

Answer 18

saltwater

Question 19

3 areas of marine environment

Answer 19

near shore
surface
deep ocean

Question 20

traits of marine environment near short

Answer 20

higher nutrients

Question 21

traits of marine environment at the surface

Answer 21

high light, warmer

Question 22

traits of marine environment in the deep ocean (5)

Answer 22

dark
cold
high pressure
high nutrients
many extremophiles

Question 23

there is a high/low population of bacteria in seawater

Answer 23

high

Question 24

most marine bacteria are/aren’t pathogenic to humans

Answer 24

aren’t pathogenic to humans

Question 25

(T/F) most marine bacteria have been cultured

Answer 25

False - many haven't been cultured

Question 26

symbiosis definition

Answer 26

living together

Question 27

microbe-animal symbioses

Answer 27

microbes/ruminants bioluminescent microbes/animals

Question 28

ruminants diet

Answer 28

herbivorous - eat a high plant diet

Question 29

what is special about the stomachs of ruminants

Answer 29

stomachs have multiple chambers

Question 30

rumen definition

Answer 30

part of multi-chambered stomach

Question 31

traits of rumen (4)

Answer 31

- anaerobic - warm - near neutral pH - high population of microbes

Question 32

microbe-ruminant symbiosis type

Answer 32

mutualistic relationship between microbes and ruminants

Question 33

how do microbes benefit in microbe-ruminant symbiosis

Answer 33

nutrients from ruminant

Question 34

how do ruminants benefit in microbe-ruminant symbiosis (2)

Answer 34

- digestion from microbes - energy production from microbes

Question 35

bioluminescent microbes definition

Answer 35

some microbes make they own light

Question 36

function of bioluminescence

Answer 36

communication attract prey defense

Question 37

example of bioluminescent microbes/animals in symbiotic relationships

Answer 37

Squid-Vibrio fischeri Symbiosis

Question 38

Squid-Vibrio fischeri symbiosis type

Answer 38

mutualistic relationship between Squid and Vibrio fischeri

Question 39

how does the relationship between Squid and Vibrio fischeri occur

Answer 39

Vibrio fischeri colonize squid's light organ

Question 40

how is Vibrio fischeri bioluminescent

Answer 40

via quorum sensing

Question 41

how do Vibrio fischeri benefit in Squid-Vibrio fischeri symbiosis

Answer 41

protection

Question 42

how do Squid benefit in Squid-Vibrio fischeri symbiosis

Answer 42

defense against predators

Question 43

environmental microbial contributions (4)

Answer 43

- composting - biogeochemical cycling - bioremediation - wastewater

Question 44

how do environmental microbes contribute via composting (3)

Answer 44

- microbes break down organic materials - metabolism increases temp - pathogens killed

Question 45

how do environmental microbes contribute via biogeochemical cycling

Answer 45

- microbes release chemicals - can be used in biogeochemical cycles

Question 46

how do environmental microbes contribute via bioremediation

Answer 46

microbes degrade oil, plsatic, pesticides, etc

Question 47

how do environmental microbes contribute via wastewater

Answer 47

microbes break down dissolved organic material in wastewater

Question 48

potable definition

Answer 48

safe to drink

Question 49

non-potable water definition

Answer 49

may be contaminated with feces -> illness

Question 50

Vibrio cholerae shape and gram rxn

Answer 50

gram-negative rod

Question 51

what does Vibrio cholerae cause

Answer 51

cholera

Question 52

signs/symptoms of colera

Answer 52

- vomiting - rice-water stools (large volumes of watery diarrhea) - muscle cramps - dehydration

Question 53

Vibrio cholerae transmission

Answer 53

fecal-oral route

Question 54

Vibrio cholerae pathogenesis

Answer 54

- flagellated - quickly swim through stomach -> intestines - attaches to intestinal wall - produces cholera toxin - causes host cells to secrete water and electrolytes

Question 55

fecal indicator bacteria commonly found where

Answer 55

commonly found in intestines and fecal matter -> indicate presence of feces

Question 56

is fecal indicator bacteria pathogenic

Answer 56

no - non-pathogenic

Question 57

are fecal indicator bacteria easy to culture

Answer 57

yes

Question 58

common fecal indicator bacteria

Answer 58

coliforms

Question 59

coliforms shape and gram rxn

Answer 59

gram-negative rod

Question 60

coliforms function

Answer 60

ferment lactose

Question 61

do coliforms form endospores

Answer 61

no

Question 62

coliforms O2 requirements

Answer 62

facultative anaerobe

Question 63

Potable water coliforms conc.

Answer 63

<10 coliforms / 1L water

Question 64

influent definition

Answer 64

raw sewage entering wastewater treatment plant

Question 65

4 stages of wastewater treatment

Answer 65

1) Preliminary treatment 2) Primary treatment 3) Secondary treatment 4) Final treatment

Question 66

preliminary wastewater treatment consists of

Answer 66

bar screens grit chambers

Question 67

bar screens function

Answer 67

remove large solids

Question 68

grit chambers function

Answer 68

grit removed

Question 69

grit definition

Answer 69

sand, eggshells, coffee grinds, etc.

Question 70

primary wastewater treatment consists of:

Answer 70

settling tanks

Question 71

settling tanks function (3)

Answer 71

- heavier solids sink to bottom - lighter particles float to top - bottom/top scraped away

Question 72

secondary wastewater treatment consists of

Answer 72

aeration tanks

Question 73

aeration tanks function

Answer 73

aerobic microbes break down organic materials in water

Question 74

Final wastewater treatment goal

Answer 74

kill pathogens

Question 75

final wastewater treatment methods

Answer 75

chlorine UV

Question 76

Final wastewater treatment function

Answer 76

treated effluent -> large body of water - sampling to monitor water quality

Question 77

what 3 types of fecal indicator bacteria are water samples screened for

Answer 77

- total coliforms - fecal coliforms - enterococci

Question 78

temperature range for fecal coliforms

Answer 78

thermotolerant - can grow at 44.5°C

Question 79

enterococci shape and gram rxn

Answer 79

gram-positive cocci

Question 80

factors that affect water quality

Answer 80

rain wave action

Question 81

how does rain affect water quality

Answer 81

rain -> higher bacterial levels (runoff)

Question 82

how does wave action affect water quality

Answer 82

breakwater -> higher bacterial levels