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Practice Test Review Flashcards

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1
Q

Rarefaction

A

When vibrating objects return to equilibrium and air molecules become thinner

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2
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Extent to which results of a test correspond with results of a previously established test

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3
Q

Aural atresia

A

Completely closed external ear canal

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4
Q

Inductive method

A

Scientific method; experiment, then explain observations

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5
Q

Two properties that affect sound transmission

A

Mass and elasticity

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6
Q

Octave

A

Indication of the interval between two frequencies

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7
Q

Myringotomy

A

Small incision in tympanic membrane to relieve pressure

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8
Q

Characteristics of conduction aphasia

A

Good syntax

Prosody

Articulation

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9
Q

Submucous/occult cleft palate

A

When surface tissues of soft or hard palate fuse, but underlying muscle or bone tissues do not

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10
Q

Diplophonia

A

Double voice

Two distinct simultaneous pitches during phonation

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11
Q

Distinguishing features of neurogenic stuttering

A

Disfluencies on function words and in imitated speech

Lack of adaptation

Minimal or no effect of masking noise

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12
Q

Purpose of blom-singer prosthetic device

A

Shunt air from trachea to esophagus so pt can speak on pulmonary air that enters esophagus

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13
Q

Myringoplasty

A

Closure of perforated tympanic membrane

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14
Q

Response cost method

A

Token given for each fluent production and one withdrawn for each disfluency

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15
Q

Fast mapping

A

Ability to learn a new word on the basis of just a few exposures to it

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16
Q

Coarticulation

A

Influence of one phoneme upon another in production and perception, in which 2 articulates move simultaneously to produce two different speech sounds

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17
Q

Auditory memory

A

Child’s ability to mentally sort speech stimuli/remember what they heard

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18
Q

Auditory attention

A

Ability to ignore irrelevant acoustic stimuli and focus on important info

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19
Q

Auditory rate

A

Ability to process acoustic stimuli presented at different rates/speeds

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20
Q

Auditory sequencing

A

Ability to identify temporal order in which auditory stimuli occur

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21
Q

Construct validity

A

Test scores consistent with theoretical concepts/expectations

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22
Q

Content validity

A

Measure of test validity based on systematic examination of all test items to determine if they adequately sample full range of skill being tested and are relevant to measuring what test purports to measure

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23
Q

Validity

A

Degree to which an instrument measures what it purports to measure

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24
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency with which the same event is measured repeatedly

Usually measured in terms of correlational coefficient

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25
Q

Correlational coefficient

A

Number/index that indicates relationship between two or more independent measure

Referred to as r

R of 0.00 = no relationship
Highest value = 1.00, lowest = -1.00

Closest to 1 = greater reliability

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26
Q

Split-half reliability

A

Measure of internal consistency of test

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27
Q

Operant behavior

A

Behavior that can be changed by its consequences

Learned behaviors

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28
Q

Fundamental frequency

A

The lowest frequency of a periodic wave

First harmonic

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29
Q

Formant frequency

A

Frequency region with concentrated acoustic energy

Center frequency of a formant

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30
Q

Pyramidal system

A

Direct motor activation pathway primarily responsible for facilitating voluntary muscle movement

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31
Q

Extrapyramidal system

A

Transmits impulses that control postural support needed by fine motor movements

Indirect activation system

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32
Q

Two types of esophageal speech

A

Injection

Inhalation

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33
Q

Injection method

A

Pt impounded air in mouth, air is pushed into esophagus then expelled producing vibrations of chricopharyngeus muscle (soft tissue of esophagus)

34
Q

Inhalation method

A

Pt inhales rapidly while keeping esophagus open and relaxed, inhaled air passes through esophagus and sets tissues into vibration

35
Q

Hearing level

A

Lowest intensity of sound that will stimulate auditory system

36
Q

Cross-sectional method

A

Researchers select participants from various age levels and observe behaviors/characteristics of the groups formed on basis of age

37
Q

Dysarthria

A

Neuron based speech disorders characterized by abnormal strength, speed, range, steadiness, tone and accuracy of movement in speech

38
Q

Causes of dysarthria

A

Nonprogressive neuro conditions (strike, infection, tbi)

Degenerative neuro diseases (Parkinson’s, als)

Neurotraumatic

Infectious diseases

Toxic metabolic causes

39
Q

Ataxic dysarthria (damage/characteristics)

A

Results from damage to cerebellar system

Characteristics: gait disturbances, movement disorders, respiratory disorders, artic disorders, prosodic disorders, phonatory disorders, drunken speech quality, resonance disorders

40
Q

Ataxic dysarthria speech

A

Imprecise consonants, irregular articulatory breakdowns, distortion of vowels

Excessive and even stress, prolonged phonemes/intervals between words or syllables, slow speech rate

Monopitch, loudness, and harshness

Drunken speech

Intermittent hyponasality

41
Q

Flaccid dysarthria (damage/characteristics)

A

Damage to motor units of cranial or spinal nerves that supply speech muscles

Characteristics: muscular disorders, respiratory weakness, phonatory disorders, resonance disorders, phonatory-prosodic disorders, artic disorders

42
Q

Flaccid dysarthria speech

A

Breathy voice, short phrases

Hypernasality, nasal emission

Harsh voice, monopitch, mono or reduced loudness

Imprecise consonants and weak pressure consonants

43
Q

Hyperkinetic dysarthria (damage/characteristics)

A

Damage to basal ganglia

Characteristics: orofacial dyskinesia, myoclonus, tics, chorea, athetosis, dystonia, tremor, communicative disorders, respiratory problems, phonatory disorders, resonance disorders, artic problems, prosodic disorders

44
Q

Hyperkinetic dysarthria speech

A

Voice tremor, intermittent strained voice, voice stoppage, harshness, loudness variations

Mild hypernasality in some cases

Imprecise consonant productions, distorted vowels and hypernasality, slower speech rate

Prolonged inter-word intervals, inappropriate silent periods, phoneme prolongations, excess and equal stress, monopitch and loudness, reduces stress and short phrases

45
Q

Hypokinetic dysarthria (damage/characteristics)

A

Damage to basal ganglia

Characteristics: tremors, mask like face, micographic writing, walking disorders, postural disturbances, decreased swallowing, respiratory problems, phonatory disorders, prosodic disorders, artic disorders, dysfluencies, resonance disorders

46
Q

Hypokinetic dysarthria speech

A

Monopitch, low pitch, monoloudness, harsh and continuously breathy voice

Reduced stress, inappropriate silent intervals, short rushes of speech, variable and increased rate in segments, short phrases

Imprecise/distorted consonants, stops sound like fricatives, mushy fricatives

Atypical but mild hypernasality

47
Q

Spastic dysarthria (damage/characteristics)

A

Bilateral damage to UMNs

Spasticity and weakness, movement disorders, artic disorders, prosodic disorders, phonatory disorders, resonance disorders

48
Q

Spastic dysarthria speech

A

Imprecise consonants, distorted vowels

Excess and equal stress, slow rate, monopitch and loudness, reduced stress, short phrases

Continuous breathy voice, harshness, low pitch, pitch breaks, strained/strangled voice quality, short phrases

Predominant hypernasality

49
Q

Mixed dysarthrias

A

Combo of 2 or more dysarthrias

Most common: flaccid-spastic and ataxic-spastic

50
Q

Flaccid-spastic dysarthria

A

Associated with ALS

Characteristics: imprecise consonants, hypernasality, harsh voice, slow rate, monopitch, short phrases, distorted vowels, low pitch, monoloudness, excess and equal stress or reduced stress, prolonged intervals, prolonged phonemes, strained/strangled quality, breathiness, audible inspiration, inappropriate silences, and nasal emission

51
Q

Ataxic-spastic dysarthria

A

Usually associated with MS

Characteristics: impaired loudness control, harsh voice quality, imprecise artic, impaired emphasis, hypernasality, inappropriate pitch levels, breathiness, and sudden artic breakdowns

52
Q

Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria (damage/characteristics)

A

Damage to UMNs supplying cranial and spinal nerves involved in speech production

Characteristics: neuro impairments, artic disorders, phonatory disorders, prosodic disorders, resonance disorders

Associated disorders: dysphagia, aphasia, apraxia, and right hemisphere syndrome

53
Q

UMN dysarthria speech

A

Imprecise consonants, irregular artic breakdowns, some vowel distortions and sound or syllable reps

Harsh voice, reduced loudness, strained harshness, wet hoarseness, breathiness

Slow rate, increases rate in segments, excess and equal stress, mono pitch and loudness, low pitch, short phrases

Hypernasality or nasal emission or combo

54
Q

Right hemisphere syndrome

A

Typical symptoms: attentional and affective symptoms, communicative deficits.

Treatment addresses: impaired attention, impulsive behavior, pragmatic communication impairments, and visual neglect

55
Q

Electromyography

A

Procedure that studies patterns of electrical activity of vocal folds and view muscle activity patterns

56
Q

Class I malocclusion

A

Arches are generally aligned properly, but some individual teeth are misaligned

57
Q

Class II malocclusion

A

Maxilla is protruded and mandible is receded

Overbite

58
Q

Overjet

A

When child has class II malocclusion and upper teeth from molars forward are excessively anterior to lower teeth

59
Q

Class III malocclusion

A

Maxilla receded and mandible protruded

Underbite

60
Q

Thyroarytenoids

A

Internal: vocal folds; vibrate and produce sound

61
Q

Transverse arytenoids

A

Adduct vocal folds

62
Q

Oblique arytenoids

A

Adductor muscle

Pulls apex of arytenoids in medial direction

63
Q

Cricothyroid

A

Lengthens and tenses vocal folds

64
Q

Lateral cricoarytenoid

A

Adduct vocal folds and increases medial compression

65
Q

Posterior cricoarytenoid

A

Abducts vocal folds

66
Q

Hyperkeratosis

A

Rough, pinkish lesion that can appear in oral cavity, larynx or pharynx

Often benign

67
Q

Leukoplakia

A

Benign growths if thick, whitish patches on surface of membrane of mucosa

68
Q

Hemangioma

A

Similar to granulomas, but are soft, pliable, and filled with blood

69
Q

Granuloma

A

A localized, inflammatory, vascular lesion usually composed of granular tissues in a firm, rounded sac

70
Q

Gliding

A

Liquid consonant produced as a glide

Ex: w/l (wamp vs lamp), w/r (wing vs ring)

71
Q

Vocalization

A

A vowel is substituted for a syllabic consonant (usually a liquid)

Ex: bado instead of bottle

72
Q

Velar fronting

A

An alveolar or a dental replaces a velar, usually in word initial position

Ex: tey for key

73
Q

Stopping

A

Fricative or Africans replaced by a stop

Ex: tu for shoe

74
Q

Dapalatization

A

Alveolar affricate subbed for palatal affricate

Ex: wats for watch

Or alveolar fricative for palatal fricative

Ex: wis for wish

75
Q

Affrication

A

Fricative/stop replaced by affricate

Ex: chun for sun

76
Q

Deaffrication

A

Affricate replaced by fricative

Ex: sip for ship

77
Q

Backing

A

Anteriorly placed consonant replaced by posteriorly places consonant

Ex: gen for den

78
Q

Holophrastic speech

A

Child uses one word to communicate a variety of meanings

79
Q

Fricatives

A

Sounds with hissing quality; results from continuous forcing of air through narrow construction

Ex: s, z, h

80
Q

Affricates

A

Begin as stops, then release as fricatives

Ex: “tch”

81
Q

Non fluent aphasias

A

Good comp: Brocas and Transcortical motor

Poor comp: mixed non fluent and global

82
Q

Fluent aphasias

A

Good comp: conduction and anomic

Poor comp: wernickes and transcortical sensory

Praxis (4 decks)

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